Forskolin : Natural Sources, Pharmacology and Biotechnology

This monograph compiles updated information about forskolin, a labdane diterpene that is produced by the Coleus plant. Forskolin has a large number of practical uses and the book delves into the various aspects of this chemical. It includes topics such as the botanical source of forskolin and the cultivation of Coleus forskohlii, source. It also covers the biosynthetic pathways in natural sources and also through different biotechnological applications. Chapters include the potential and products in the Forskolin market. The book also covers the methods for enhanced production of forskolin from natural sources and through tissue culture methods for improvement of the plant for higher content of forskolin. It discusses the role of endophytes in the production of forskolin. The book is useful for students and researchers in the field of botany, pharmacology and biochemistry. It also serves scientists in various pharmaceutical industries. Preface Contents About the Author 1: Coleus forskohlii-A Multipurpose Medicinal Plant 1.1 Introduction References 2: Botany of Coleus forskohlii 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Botany of Coleus forskohlii 2.3 Chromosome Number 2.4 Genetic Improvement 2.5 Mutation Breeding References 3: Traditional Medicinal Uses and Pharmacognosy of Coleus forskohlii 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Uses in Traditional Systems of Medicine 3.3 Ethnobotanical Uses 3.3.1 Digestive System 3.3.2 Nervous System 3.3.3 Skin 3.3.4 Respiratory System 3.3.5 Pain, Inflammation, and Musculoskeletal Problems 3.3.6 Metabolic and Endocrine System 3.3.7 Cardiovascular System 3.3.8 Sensory 3.3.9 Infection 3.4 Pharmacognosy 3.4.1 Macroscopic Characters of Root 3.4.2 Microscopic Characters 3.4.3 Study of Powder 3.4.4 Phytochemical Studies 3.4.4.1 Powder Analysis of Whole Plant 3.4.4.2 Physicochemical Analysis of Whole Plant of C. forskohlii (Disticraj and Jayaraman 2015) 3.5 Conclusion References 4: Chemistry of Coleus forskohlii Briq. 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Biogenesis 4.2.1 Forskolin 4.2.2 Molecular Approach 4.2.2.1 Bioengineering Process for Biosynthesis of Forskolin 4.2.2.2 Genkwanin 4.2.3 Extraction and Separation of Forskolin 4.2.4 Protocol for Separation and Preparation of Pure Forskolin 4.3 Phytocompounds Isolated from C. forskohlii 4.4 Prospective of Bioengineering of Forskolin 4.5 Conclusion References 5: Pharmacology of Coleus forskohlii and Forskolin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pharmacological Properties 5.2.1 Antiobesity 5.2.2 Antidiabetic Effect 5.2.3 Antithrombotic Effect 5.2.4 Cardiovascular Effects 5.2.5 Cystic Fibrosis 5.2.6 Glaucoma 5.2.7 Asthma 5.2.8 Anticancer Activity 5.2.9 Antioxidant Activity 5.2.10 Anti-Inflammatory Activity 5.2.11 Antidepressant Effect 5.2.12 Antistress Effect 5.2.13 Antidyspeptic Activity 5.2.14 Anti-Ulcer Activity 5.2.15 Hepatoprotective Activity 5.2.16 Antimicrobial Activity 5.2.17 Hypothyroidism 5.2.18 Skin Problems 5.2.19 Antispasmodic Effect 5.2.20 Protection against Gastric Ulcers 5.2.21 Bone Formation 5.2.22 Nerve Regeneration 5.2.23 Functional Neural Differentiation of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells 5.2.24 Neuronal Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor 5.2.25 Antipsoriasis Effect 5.2.26 Anticonvulsant Activity 5.2.27 Neurological Disorders 5.2.28 Immunomodulator Activity 5.2.29 Analgesic Activity 5.2.30 Antiprotozoal Activity 5.2.31 Antimalarial Activity 5.2.32 Anthelmintic Activity 5.2.33 Gastroprotective and Anti-Helicobacter pylori Effects 5.2.34 Other Uses 5.3 Nano-Emulsions and Nanoparticles as Vehicles for Topical Delivery of Forskolin 5.4 Intestinal Permeability of Forskolin 5.5 Effects on Pregnancy 5.6 Toxicological Studies 5.7 Antifeedant Activity 5.8 Patents References 6: Micropropagation of Coleus forskohlii 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Explant 6.3 Media Constituents for Shoot Induction 6.4 Rooting and Acclimatization 6.5 In Vitro Conservation 6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 7: In Vitro Production of Forskolin 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Organized Cultures 7.2.1 Hairy Root Cultures 7.2.2 Shoot Cultures 7.3 Unorganized Cultures 7.3.1 Callus Cultures 7.3.1.1 Effect of Sucrose on Callus Induction and Forskolin Content 7.3.1.2 Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction and Growth 7.3.1.3 Growth and Forskolin Profile of Callus Cultures and Suspension Cultures 7.3.2 Suspension Cultures 7.3.2.1 Effect of Biotic Elicitors 7.3.2.2 Elicitation of Forskolin Using Elicitors of Fungal Origin 7.3.2.3 Effect of Bacterial Elicitors 7.3.3 Effect of Microbial Derived Elicitors 7.3.4 Effect of Abiotic Elicitors 7.3.5 Effect of Plant-Derived Elicitors References 8: Assessment of Coleus forskohlii Genetic Diversity Using Molecular Markers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Molecular Markers 8.3 Molecular Marker Studies in Coleus forskohlii 8.4 Conclusions References 9: Endophytes for the Enhanced Growth of Coleus forskohlii and Enhanced Production of Forskolin 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Endophytes and Forskolin Production References 10: Propagation Methods of Coleus forskohlii 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Propagation 10.3 Intercropping 10.4 Diseases 10.4.1 Leaf Spot Disease 10.4.2 Blight Disease 10.4.3 Root Rot/Wilt Disease 10.4.4 Root Knot Disease of C. forskohlii 10.4.5 Complex Disease of C. forskohlii 10.4.6 Stem Blight 10.5 Disease Management 10.5.1 Chemical Control 10.5.1.1 Fusarial/Bacterial Wilt Control 10.5.2 Biological Control 10.5.2.1 Fusarial/Bacterial Control 10.6 Mulching and Weed Control 10.7 Crop Improvement References 11: Success Stories and Trade and Commerce of Coleus forskohlii 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Success Story-Dr. Muhammed Majeed 11.2.1 Sami-Sabinsa Corporation 11.3 Trade and Commerce of Coleus Forskohlii References