Formalising Natural Languages: Applications to Natural Language Processing and Digital Humanities 14th International Conference, NooJ 2020, Zagreb, Croatia, June 5{u2013}7, 2020, Revised Selected Papers

This book constitutes selected revised papers of the 14th International Conference, NooJ 2020, held Zagreb, Croatia, in June 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held online. NooJ is a linguistic development environment that allows linguists to formalize several levels of linguistic phenomena. NooJ provides linguists with tools to develop dictionaries, regular grammars, context-free grammars, context-sensitive grammars and unrestricted grammars as well as their graphical equivalent to formalize each linguistic phenomenon. The 20 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 68 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topics:​ Linguistic Formalization; Digital Humanities and Teaching with NooJ; Natural Language Processing Applications. Preface Contents Contributors Linguistic Formalization A Morphological Grammar for Modern Greek: State of the Art, Evaluation and Upgrade 1 Introduction 2 Lexicographical Resources 2.1 Primary Lexicographical Resources 2.2 Secondary Lexicographical Resources 3 Procedure 3.1 Noun Retrieval 3.2 Nouns Dictionary and Inflectional Grammar Processing 3.3 Manual 4 Results 5 Future Work References The Lexical Complexity and Basic Vocabulary of the Italian Language 1 Introduction 2 The State of the Art 2.1 The New Basic Vocabulary of the Italian Language 3 Text Analysis and Vocabulary Ranges 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Formalizing Latin: An Example of Medieval Latin Wills 1 Introduction 2 The Corpus 3 Creating the Dictionary 4 Grammars 4.1 Inflectional Morphological Grammar 4.2 Productive Morphological Grammar 4.3 Syntactic Grammar 5 Conclusion and Future Work References The Morphological Annotation of Reduplication-Circumfix Intersection in Indonesian 1 Introduction 2 Reduplication and Its Intersection with Affixes 3 Possible Solutions and the Current Experiment 3.1 Possible Solutions 3.2 Current Experiment 4 Conclusion References Multiword Expressions in the Medical Domain: Who Carries the Domain-Specific Meaning 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Overview and Related Work 3 Research Overview 3.1 Preparing the Data 3.2 The Sandbox: Learning About the Data 4 Building the Morphology Rules 5 Results 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Transformations and Paraphrases for Quechua Sentiment Predicates 1 Introduction 2 Syntactic PoS Transformations 2.1 Noun Transformations 2.2 Pronoun Inflections 2.3 Verb Derivation 3 The Verbal PPS Transformations 3.1 The Class of Sentiment Verbs 3.2 Elementary S-Transformation of a Sentiment Sentence 4 Composition of Elementary Paraphrasers 5 Conclusion References Arabic Psychological Verb Recognition Through NooJ Transformational Grammars Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Sentences Containing Arabic Psychological Verb Transformations 3.1 Negation (النفي) 3.2 Passivization (المبنى للمجهول) 3.3 The Nominalization (Maçdarisation - تكوين جملة اسمية من جملة فعلية) 3.4 Lexicon-Grammar Tables of Arabic Psychological Verbs 4 Implementation 4.1 From Lexicon-Grammar Tables to NooJ Dictionaries 4.2 From Lexicon-Grammar Tables to NooJ Grammars 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Grammatical Modeling of a Nominal Ellipsis Grammar for Spanish 1 Introduction 2 Ellipsis: Definition and Types 3 The Formalization of Syntactic Information 3.1 Rules for Ellipsis: Elision and Identification 3.2 Computational Modeling in NooJ 4 Results 5 Closing Remarks References Digital Humanities and Teaching with NooJ Where the Dickens Are Melville’s Phrasal Verbs? 1 Introduction 2 Previous Research 3 Limiting the Particle Search for Better Precision 4 PV Usage in the Complete Works of Dickens and Melville 4.1 Accuracy of Discontinuous PVs in NooJ 4.2 Difficulty Distinguishing Between Preposition and Particle 5 Noise Removal: A Continual Process 5.1 Unresolved Noise 6 Results and Future Research 6.1 Results 6.2 Future Research References Depictions of Women in “Duga” and “Tena”: A Computational Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Literary Background 2.2 Computational Research 3 The Dataset 4 Grammar Models 5 Results 6 Conclusion References The Use of Figurative Language in an Italian Dream Description Corpus 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 The NooJ Approach 3.1 The Italian Dream Report Corpus 3.2 Dream Domain Dictionary 4 Modelling Grammars with NooJ 4.1 The Simile Grammar 4.2 The Oxymoron Grammar 4.3 The Simple Metaphor Grammar 4.4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusions and Future Work References Paraphrasing Emotions in Portuguese 1 Motivation 2 The Two Projects in a Nutshell 3 The Actual Study 3.1 The Material 3.2 The Revision Process 3.3 First Findings 3.4 Multiword Units 3.5 NooJ Resources 4 Future Work and Conclusions References Preparing the NooJ German Module for the Analysis of a Learner Spoken Corpus 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Overview 3 On the Corpus 4 Challenges in Error Classification 5 Building the Grammars 5.1 What is that Word? 5.2 Articles and Pronouns 5.3 Verbs 5.4 Sentence-Level Errors 5.5 Question Words vs. Connectors 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Automatic Treatment of Causal, Consecutive, and Counterargumentative Discourse Connectors in Spanish 1 Introduction 1.1 The Purpose of Our Paper 1.2 The Research Subject Matter: Discourse Connectors 1.3 The Corpus 2 Working with NooJ 2.1 Why NooJ? 2.2 The Dictionary of Discourse Connectors 3 Our NooJ Grammars. Analysis of Sentences Containing Discourse Connectors 4 Conclusions References Natural Language Processing Applications NooJ for Artificial Intelligence: An Anthropic Approach 1 Artificial Intelligence: A State of the Art 2 Attempting a Comprehensive Definition of Artificial Intelligence 3 Contemporary Artificial Intelligence Tools and Procedures 4 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics 5 Artificial Intelligence Current Challenges and Problems 6 Rule-Based Natural-Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence 7 NooJ Local Grammars for a Fuzzy-Logic Question-Answering System 8 Conclusion References Answering Arabic Complex Questions Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Arabic-Specific Difficulties 4 Proposed Method 4.1 Study of the Corpora 4.2 Question Analysis 4.3 Document/Passage Retrieval 4.4 Answer Extraction 5 Experimental Evaluation 6 Conclusion References The Optimization of Portuguese Named-Entity Recognition and Classification by Combining Local Grammars and Conditional Random Fields Trained with a Parsed Corpus 1 Introduction 2 Data Description 3 Three-Step Experimental Design 3.1 Step 1: CRF Trained with Parsed Corpus 3.2 Step 2: The Development of Local Grammar to Identify “Time” Entities 3.3 Step 3: Combination of Features Coming from the Parsed Corpus and Local Grammar 4 Results 4.1 Step 1: CRF Trained with the Parsed Corpus 4.2 Step 2: Development of Local Grammar to Identify “Time” Entities 4.3 Step 3: Combination of Features Coming from the Parsed Corpus and Local Grammar 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions and Future Work References The Automatic Recognition and Translation of Tunisian Dialect Named Entities into Modern Standard Arabic 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Linguistic Study 3.1 ENAMEX 3.2 TIMEX 3.3 NUMEX 4 Proposed Method 4.1 The Morphological Analyzer 4.2 The ANER and Translation System 5 Experimentation and Evaluation 6 Conclusion References A Legal Question Answering Ontology-Based System 1 Introduction 2 Question Answering Systems 3 Proposed Ontological Modeling of the Legal Domain 4 Proposed Question-Answering System 5 Question Analysis 5.1 Types of Questions 5.2 Categories of Legal Questions 5.3 Construction of Patterns and Extraction Grammars 5.4 Grammars for Extracting Data from Questions 6 SPARQL Query Generation 7 Experimentation and Evaluation 8 Conclusion References A Bottom-Up Approach for Moroccan Legal Ontology Learning from Arabic Texts Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Ontology Learning 2.1 Input 2.2 Tasks and Outputs 2.3 Approaches 2.4 Tools 3 Related Work 4 Our Work 4.1 Corpus Definition 4.2 Tool Selection 4.3 Ontology Learning Process 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Author Index The 12th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Infor- tion Systems (NLDB 2007) took place during June 27–29 in Paris (France). Since the first edition in 1995, the NLDB conference has been aiming at bringing together researchers, people working in industry and potential users interested in various - plications of natural language in the database and information system areas. Natural language and databases are core components in the development of inf- mation systems. NLP techniques may substantially enhance most phases of the information system lifecycle, starting with requirement analysis, specification and validation, and going up to conflict resolution, result processing and presentation. Furthermore, natural language-based query languages and user interfaces facilitate the access to information for all and allow for new paradigms in the usage of comput- ized services. Hot topics such as information retrieval and Semantic Web-based applications imply a complete fusion of databases and NLP techniques. Among an increasing number of submitted papers (110), the Program Committee selected 31 papers as full papers, thus coming up with an acceptance rate of 28%. These proceedings also include 12 short papers that were presented at the conference and two invited talks, one given by Andrew Basden and Heinz Klein and the other given by Max Silberztein. The last few years have seen a growing body of research and practice addressing aspects such as automated legal reasoning and argumentation, semantic and cross-language legal information retrieval, document classification, legal drafting, legal knowledge discovery and extraction. This State-of-the-Art Survey contains invited contributions of leading researchers and groups eminently active in the field, which were complemented with selected papers from the Workshop on Semantic Processing of Legal Texts, held in Marrakech, Morocco, in 2008, within the framework of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2008). These publications mirror the state-of-the-art in linguistic technologies, tools and resources focusing on the automatic extraction of relevant information from legal texts, and the structured organization of this extracted knowledge for legal knowledge representation and scholarly activity, with particular emphasis on the crucial role played by language resources and human language technologies. The contents are organized in three topical sections on information extraction; construction of knowledge resources; and semantic indexing, summarization and translation This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, EKAW 2000, held in Juan-les-Pins, France in October 2000. The 28 revised full papers and six revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a high number of high-quality submissions. The book offers topical sections on knowledge modeling languages and tools, ontologies, knowledge acquisition from texts, machine learning, knowledge management and electronic commerce, problem solving methods, knowledge representation, validation, evaluation and certification, and methodologies. This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, held in Salford, UK, in June 2013. The 21 long papers, 15 short papers and 17 poster papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 80 submissions. The papers cover the following topics: requirements engineering, question answering systems, named entity recognition, sentiment analysis and mining, forensic computing, semantic web, and information search. This Book Constitutes The Refereed Proceedings Of The 12th International Conference On Applications Of Natural Language To Information Systems, Nldb 2007, Held In Paris, France In June 2007. It Covers Natural Language For Database Query Processing, Email Management, Semantic Annotation, Text Clustering, Ontology Engineering, Natural Language For Information System Design, Information Retrieval Systems, And Natural Language Processing Techniques.