Formal Methods in Architecture: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Formal Methods in Architecture (5FMA), Lisbon 2020 (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation)

This edited book gathers research studies presented at the 5th International Symposium on Formal Methods in Architecture (5FMA), Lisbon 2020. Studies focus on the use of methodologies, especially those that have witnessed recent developments, that stem from the mathematical and computer sciences and are developed in a collaborative way with architecture and related fields. This book constitutes a contribution to the debate and to the introduction of new methodologies and tools in the mentioned fields that derive from the application of formal methods in the creation of new explicit languages for problem-solving in architecture and urbanism. It adds valuable insight into the development of new practices solving identified societal problems and promoting the digital transformation of institutions in the mentioned fields. The primary audience of this book will be from the fields of architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, AEC, landscape design, computer sciences and mathematics, both academicians and professionals. Preface List of Reviewers Introduction The Ethics of Our Work From Datascape to Formal Methods Variational Beauty of Space: Machine Intuition and Urban Networks References Global and Disciplinary Frameworks for Formal Methods in Architecture References Contents Editors and Contributors Design, Construction and Management of the Built Environment 1 Mathematically Developing Building Facades: An Algorithmic Framework Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Mathematics-Based Framework 4 Framework Implementation 4.1 Geometry 4.2 Distribution 4.3 Pattern 4.4 Optimization and Rationalization 5 Evaluation 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 2 Design to Experiment—Experiment to Design: Tool- (User, Breaker, Designer) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Design to Experiment: Designing an Experimental Digital Modeling Course 3 What Is Tool- (User–Breaker–Designer)? 4 Experiment to Design: Process of an Experimental Digital Modeling Course 5 Tasks and Results 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 3 Tectonics of Differential Growth. Folds in Additive Fabrication and Moulding for Architectural Design Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 Methods 4 Design Process 5 Fabrication 6 Outlook References 4 BIM-Based Airport Design Project Standardization (IFC) for Use of Code Checking Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Airport Design 4 Airport Design Process with BIM 5 IFC 6 Results 7 Conclusion References 5 Agent-Based Semiology: Optimizing Office Occupation Patterns with Agent-Based Simulations Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Office Space Analysis and Simulation 2.1 Scientific Theory 2.2 Bürolandschaft 2.3 Space Syntax as an Analytical Tool 2.4 Agent-Based Modeling 2.5 Tools for Agent-Based Simulations 3 Constructing Social Models for Agent-Based Simulations 3.1 Basic Considerations 3.2 Simplification and Bounded Rationality 3.3 Simplified Social Models 3.4 Assembling Comprehensive Agent Models 4 Assessing the Simulation of “Life-like” Office Scenarios 4.1 Setting Up a Research Matrix 4.2 Assessing the Simulation’s Accuracy and Realism 5 Optimizing Spatial Layouts with Evolutionary Design Strategies 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 Evolutionary Design strategies 5.3 Algorithmic Design Setup 5.4 Evaluating Layouts According to Performance Criteria 6 Results and Outlook 6.1 Simulation Results and Findings 6.2 Discussion Acknowledgements References 6 Digital Doxiadis: Parametric Thinking for Human Settlements Abstract 1 Historical Identity and Localized Potentiality 1.1 Aspra Spitia 1.2 Spatial Infrastructure and Social Interaction 1.3 The Workshop 2 Urban Parametric Design Methods and Systems 3 Method, Workflow and Custom Design Tool 3.1 Tools Selection and Implementation Goals 3.2 Workflow—Iterative Bidirectional Analysis-Design-Evaluation 3.3 Grasshopper Definition 4 Workshop Output 4.1 Team A 4.2 Team B—Team C 5 Discussion 5.1 Workshop Culture and Method Application 5.2 Data-Driven Design and Formal Methods 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 7 L’Objet Invalide Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Teleological Problem 3 Linguistic Structure and Tradition 4 Les Invalides et Alia References Social and Ecological Concerns in the Built Environment 8 Upgrading Participation Through Computational Thinking in Architecture Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Beginnings of the Design Participation in Architecture 3 Computational Realizations of Early Design Participation Models 3.1 MIT Open Source Building Alliance’s Computational Model of Supports 3.2 John Frazer’s Computational Model of Segal Method 4 Design of Norm by Architects and Form by User 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 9 Tools for the Co-designing of Housing Transformations: A Study on Interaction and Visualization Modes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Diversity, Co-design and Generative Design Systems 2.1 Diversity and Co-design 2.2 Generative Design Tools 2.3 Representation and Visualization 3 MyChanges 3.1 Goals and Methodology 3.2 MyChanges Interaction and Visualization Development 3.3 Experiment 3.4 Results 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 4.1 Future Work 4.2 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References 10 Nature Pleated Surfaces Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Nature Pleated Surfaces: The Workshop 2.1 Workshop Outline 2.2 Rigid Origami Geometry 2.3 Biomimetic-Based Methodology 3 Projects 3.1 Project 01: Urban Furniture (Bárbara Zandavali + Yağmur Yeni) 3.2 Project 02: Foldable Hangar (Guilherme Giantini + Mateus Pimentel + Mauro Couceiro) 3.3 Project 03: Mini Orchid Yard (Débora Oliveira + Pedro Engel) 3.4 Project 04: Ibiscus Water Collector (Juliana Jaramillo + David Diaz) 3.5 Project 05: FourToSix Walkway (Mona Ghandi + Victor Silva) 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 11 Building Circulation from a Syntactic Context in Relation to Indoor Thermal Environment Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Definitions and Scope 2.1 Building Circulation 2.2 Building Indoor Environment 3 Previous Studies 3.1 Syntactic Circulation Studies 3.2 Circulation and Environmental Studies 4 The New Approach 4.1 Discussion 4.2 Concepts 5 Conclusions and Future Works References 12 What About if Buildings Respond to My Mood? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Responsive Architecture 2.1 Kinetic Systems 3 Architecture Responding to Environmental Stimuli 4 Architecture Responding to Users’ Stimuli 5 A Model for User’s Responding Architecture 5.1 Recognition of Emotions 5.2 Affective Computing 5.3 Relation Between Space and Emotions 5.4 The Responsive Model 5.5 Discussion 6 Do We Want Responsive Architecture? 7 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References 13 Borealis Sound an Interactive Wall for Situational Awareness: The Impact of Responsive Architecture on Users Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Interactive Multimedia Surfaces 3 Borealis Sound System Development 3.1 The Creative Process 3.2 Stage 1—Definition of the Initial Conditions 3.3 Stage 2—Analysis of the Context 3.4 Stage 3—System Requirements and Specifications 3.5 Stage 4—Usability Testing 3.6 Stage 5—Results Analysis 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References Adaptability and Resilience of the Built Environment 14 Space, Adaptability and Use: Triangulating Research Criteria for Adaptability Retrieval Abstract 1 Introduction—Gathering Research Criteria 2 A Triangulated Methodology for Assessing Spatial Adaptability 2.1 Milestone I—Description of the Space 2.2 Milestone II—Description of All Possible Activity Allocations 2.3 Milestone III—Description of Effective Events 3 Conclusion—Criteria Correlations for Retrieval of Spatial Adaptability References 15 Adapting Analysis Workflows to Humanitarian Needs: Different Road Network Models and Tools Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Configurational Analysis 2.1 Primal and Dual Approaches 2.2 Centrality Indices 2.3 Resilience Indices 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Case Studies 3.2 Data Preparation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Processing Time 4.2 Centrality Assessment 4.2.1 Disaster Application 4.2.2 Other Mobility Networks 4.3 Resilience Assessment 4.4 Further Considerations on Network Resilience 5 Conclusions References 16 Multiscale Configurational Approach to the Design of Public Open Spaces After Urban Disasters Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 The Case of Central Italy 1.4 Borgo1 TH Site in Arquata del Tronto 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Space Syntax Analysis as an Urban Design Method 2.2 Public Life Studies as a Design Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Urban Scale Analysis 3.2 Neighbourhood Scale Analysis 3.3 Model Validation 3.4 The Project 4 Conclusions References 17 Data-Driven Spatial Analysis of Urban Renewal. Network Kernel Density Estimation of Building Renovation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Dataset and Building Renovation Permit Types 2.2 Kernel Density Estimation Over a Network 3 Results 4 Discussion Acknowledgements References 18 Urban Forms of Informality: Decoloniality as a Perspective for Morphological Studies Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Decoloniality: Advances in the Planning Field 3 Urban Morphology: Addressing Informal Settlements 3.1 Fundamental Principles of Urban Morphology 3.2 Urban Morphology, Informality, and Decoloniality: Conceptual Contributions 4 Decolonial Tools and Methods: Paths for Future Morphological Research 4.1 Five Empirical Studies on Urban Forms of Informality 4.2 Methodological Contributions for Future Research 5 Conclusions References 19 Non-intrusive Semi-automated Modelling of Ordinary Buildings’ Intermediate Floors: Collective Housing in Porto, Portugal Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Development of the Shape Grammar to Estimate Layouts 2.1 Shape Grammar Part I: Rooms at the Façade 2.2 Shape Grammar Part II: Dwellings and Stairs 2.3 Discussion of the Proposed Shape Grammar 3 Shape Grammar’s Adaptation to Be Programmed in Arcpy 3.1 Differences Between GIS Processing and Shape Grammars 3.2 Changes of the Shape Grammar to Be Implemented in Python and ArcGIS 4 Application of the Shape Grammar to Porto’s Buildings 4.1 Characteristics of the Geometric and Analytical Database of the Layouts 4.2 Methodology of Application, Results, and Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 20 Understanding a Bastion Castle in Pidhirtsi Using the Space Patterns System for Spatial Analysis Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Demonstration of the Method 3 Compositional Analysis Based on the Current State and Historical Background 4 Spatial Analysis 4.1 “Pedestrian Circulation” Analysis 4.2 “Natural Lighting” Analysis 5 Results 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Work Acknowledgements References 21 Public Space Use: An Approach to Livability in Urmia Bazaar, Iran Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 3 Case Study and Methodology 3.1 Case Study Area 3.2 Methodology 4 Analysis and Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Design Tools and Technics 22 Spectral Clustering and Integration: The Inner Dynamics of Computational Geometry and Spatial Morphology Abstract 1 Introduction 2 From Space Syntax to Multi-dimensional Datascapes 2.1 Local to Global—Neighbourhood Spatial Penetration 2.2 Graph Spectra 2.3 Composite ‘Angular-Scalar’ Graph Spectra 3 Spectral Integration: Topo-geometric Similarities and Characteristics 4 Unsupervised Clustering of Composite Graph Spectra 5 Discussions and Future Acknowledgements References 23 ScavaTools: Strategies and Tools for the Mass Dissemination of SCAVA Techniques Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Strategies 2.1 Analysis Versus Design 2.2 CAD-SCAVA Integration 2.3 Overcoming the Ease-of-Use Issues of Today’s SCAVA Software 3 Connotational Semantics—SCAVA Concepts 3.1 Topological SCAVA Models of Space 4 Operational Model 4.1 ScavaTools 4.2 ScavaTools Development Accessibility 5 Discussion References 24 Self-learning Agents for Spatial Synthesis Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Interactive Generative Workflows 1.2 Multi-agent Space Planning 1.3 Gap in Multi-agent Space Planning 1.4 Spatial Synthesis with Self-learning Agents 2 Development 2.1 Grids as Representation of Space and Information 2.2 Spatial Representation of Environment and Agents 2.3 Action Space of Agents 2.4 Spatial Objectives 2.5 Learning a Policy 3 Results 4 Future Steps Acknowledgements References 25 Topologic: Exploring Spatial Reasoning Through Geometry, Topology, and Semantics Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Topologic 4 Spatial Reasoning 5 Usability Workshop 5.1 The Tasks 5.2 Evaluation Design and Early Qualitative Results 6 Conclusion References 26 LBD Server: Visualising Building Graphs in Web-Based Environments Using Semantic Graphs and GlTF-Models Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Serving Building Data Online 2.1 Linked Data 2.2 Linked Building Data 3 Proposal for an LBD Server Approach 4 The LBD Server 4.1 Outline and Purpose 4.2 Implementation Approach 4.3 Geometric Data 4.4 Non-geometric Data 4.5 User Interaction and Interface 5 Conclusion References 27 Reconstructing Photogrammetric 3D Model by Using Deep Learning Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Related Work 2 Methodology 2.1 Contour Generator 2.2 Feature Extraction 2.3 Labelling and Processing Dataset 2.4 Training Gym System in Grasshopper 2.4.1 Reconstruction Process 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Future Work Acknowledgements References 28 Collaboration of Visual Intelligence Between Human and Machinic Actors in Design Processes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Decision Making in the Scope of Formal Studies 3 Formal Computational Methodologies in the Scope of Visual Reasoning 4 Two Modes of Visual Intelligence 5 Abstraction of Formal Logic and Extensibility 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References