Forest Pest and Disease Management in Latin America : Modern Perspectives in Natural Forests and Exotic Plantations

By providing multiple economic goods and ecosystem services, Latin American forests play a key role in the environmental, social and economic welfare of the region’s countries. From the tropical forests of Central America to the Mediterranean and temperate vegetation of the southern cone, these forests face a myriad of phytosanitary problems that negatively impact on both conservation efforts and forest industry. This book brings together the perspectives of several Latin American researchers on pest and disease management. Each chapter provides modern views of the status and management alternatives to problems as serious as the impact of introduced exotic insects and diseases on Pinus and Eucalyptus plantations throughout the continent, and the emergence of novel insect outbreaks in tropical and temperate native forests associated with global warming. It is a valuable guide for researchers and practitioners working on forest health in Latin America and around the world. Acknowledgements Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Introduction References Part I: General Perspectives Chapter 2: Biological Control of Forest Pests in Uruguay 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Forestry Sector in Uruguay 2.2.1 Fact and Figures 2.2.2 Institutional Landscape 2.2.3 Regulatory Framework 2.3 Biological Control in Uruguayan Tree Plantations 2.3.1 A Bit of History 2.3.2 The Current Status of Biological Control 2.3.3 The Eucalyptus Snout Beetle 2.3.4 The Pine Tree Wood Wasp 2.3.5 Eucalypt Psyllids 2.3.6 The Eucalypt Longhorned Borer 2.3.7 Two Ongoing Programmes: Biological Control of the Bronze Bug and the Blue Gum Chalcid 2.4 Discussion 2.5 A Wish List for the Future of Biological Control in Uruguay References Chapter 3: Past and Current Strategies for the Control of Leaf-Cutting Ants in Brazil 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Control of Leaf-Cutting Ants 3.2.1 History of Ant Control Methods 3.2.2 Current Control Strategies 3.2.3 Current Control Methods 3.2.4 A Reflection on Control Methods and Future Perspectives References Chapter 4: Remote Sensing for Insect Outbreak Detection and Assessment in Latin America 4.1 Why Remote Sensing Is So Useful to Assess and Map Insect Outbreaks? 4.2 What Insect Outbreak Effects on Vegetation Can Be Actually Measured from Space? 4.3 Experiences of Insect Outbreak Detection and Mapping in Latin America Using Remote Sensing 4.4 Insect Outbreak Detection and Mapping in Latin America: Why So Little? Research Gaps, Recommendations, and Outlook References Part II: Pests of Natural Forests Chapter 5: Ormiscodes amphimone Outbreak Frequency Increased Since 2000 in Subantarctic Nothofagus pumilio Forests of Chilean Patagonia 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Study Species 5.2.2 Study Area 5.2.3 Mapping Ormiscodes Defoliations 5.2.4 Field Sampling 5.2.5 Tree-Ring Analysis 5.2.6 Climatic Influence on Tree Radial Growth 5.2.7 Ormiscodes Outbreak Reconstruction 5.3 Results and Discussion 5.3.1 Spatial Scale of the Outbreak Attack 5.3.1.1 Temporal Patterns of Ormiscodes Outbreak Attack 5.3.2 Climatic Patterns Triggering Ormiscodes Outbreaks 5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Ormiscodes Outbreak Dynamics: Impacts and Perspectives in a Warming World 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Ormiscodes amphimone: A Southern South American Outbreak Species 6.3 Reconstruction of Past Ormiscodes Defoliations on Nothofagus Forests 6.4 Associations Between Climate Variability and Ormiscodes Outbreaks 6.5 Implications of the Outbreak-Climate Relationships for N. pumilio Forests: Impacts and Perspectives References Chapter 7: Native Forest Health in Chile: Toward a Strategy of Sustainable Management 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Wood Boring and Ambrosia Beetles in Native Forest 7.3 Defoliators in Nothofagus 7.4 Sap-Sucking Insect of Native and Urban Trees 7.5 Native Insects Damaging Fast-Growing Plantations 7.6 Management Experiences in Chile 7.6.1 Wood Borer 7.6.2 Defoliators 7.6.3 Sap Sucking 7.7 Concluding Remarks References Part III: Pests and Diseases of Forest Plantations Chapter 8: Invasive Insects in Forest Plantations of Argentina: Ecological Patterns and Implications for Management 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Forest Plantations in Argentina 8.2.1 Insect Pests in Forest Plantations in Argentina 8.2.2 Invasion Patterns of Alien Forest Insects in Commercial Plantations 8.3 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9: Diseases of Eucalyptus Plantations in Uruguay: Current State and Management Alternatives 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Foliar Diseases 9.2.1 Teratosphaeria nubilosa: A Turning Point for Eucalyptus globulus Production 9.2.2 Teratosphaeria pseudoeucalypti: An Emerging Pathogen with Devastating Potential 9.2.3 Austropuccinia psidii: From Native Myrtaceae to Eucalyptus 9.3 Bacterial Diseases 9.3.1 Bacterial Leaf and Shoot Blight: A Growing Concern 9.4 Stem Diseases 9.4.1 Arambarria cognata: Another Host Jump Toward Eucalyptus 9.4.2 Teratosphaeria Stem Canker 9.5 Other Diseases 9.6 Final Considerations References Chapter 10: Pests Management in Colombian Forest Plantations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Insect Pests 10.2.1 Defoliating Insects 10.2.1.1 Leaf-Cutting Ants 10.2.1.2 Geometridae 10.2.1.3 Phasmatodea 10.2.1.4 Chrysomelidae 10.2.1.5 Curculionidae 10.2.2 Sap-Sucking Insects 10.2.2.1 Aphalaridae 10.2.2.2 Adelgidae The Pine Wooly Aphid 10.2.2.3 Miridae 10.2.2.4 Pseudococcidae 10.2.3 Wood-Feeding Insects 10.2.3.1 Termites 10.2.3.2 Ambrosia Beetles 10.3 Diseases 10.3.1 Diseases Caused by Fungi 10.3.1.1 Eucalyptus Canker 10.3.1.2 Canker and Dieback of Eucalyptus 10.3.1.3 Eucalyptus Rust 10.3.1.4 Diseases Caused by Calonectria 10.3.1.5 Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria Leaf Blotch in Eucalyptus 10.3.1.6 Ceratocystis Wilt of Eucalyptus 10.3.1.7 Pine Pitch Canker Caused by Fusarium circinatum 10.3.1.8 Dothistroma Needle Blight of Pine 10.3.1.9 Diplodia Shoot Blight of Pine 10.3.1.10 Teak Rust 10.3.1.11 Hearth and Root Rot in A. mangium 10.3.2 Diseases Caused by Bacteria 10.3.2.1 Bacterial Wilt of Eucalyptus 10.4 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Disease Management in the Forest Plantations in Chile 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Diseases of P. radiata in Chile Caused by Introduced Pathogens 11.2.1 Fusarium circinatum 11.2.2 Neonectria fuckeliana 11.2.3 Diplodia pinea 11.2.4 Dothistroma septosporum 11.2.5 Phytophthora pinifolia 11.3 Native Pathogens Adapted to P. radiata 11.4 Diseases of Eucalyptus spp. in Chile 11.5 Importance of the Quarantine Systems 11.6 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Insect Pests Affecting Exotic Trees in Chile and Their Management 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Insect Pests on Pinus radiata 12.2.1 Native Insects 12.2.2 Exotic Insects 12.3 Insect Pests on Eucalyptus spp. 12.3.1 Native Insects 12.3.2 Exotic Insects 12.4 Insect Pests on Urban Trees 12.5 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Pest Status and Management in the Forest Plantations of Costa Rica 13.1 Introduction 13.2 National Diagnosis 13.3 Main Phytosanitary Problems 13.3.1 Shoots 13.3.2 Foliage 13.3.3 Branches 13.3.4 Stem 13.4 Toward Integrated Pest Management References Chapter 14: Forest Diseases in Brazil: Status and Management 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Host Range Expansion of Myrtaceous Rust 14.1.2 Host Tracking and South American leaf blight 14.2 Management of Myrtaceous Rust in Eucalyptus Plantations 14.2.1 Resistance 14.2.2 Chemical Control with Fungicides 14.2.3 Avoidance in Time and Space 14.3 Management of South American Leaf Blight in Rubber Plantations 14.3.1 Phenological Features and Resistance 14.3.2 Climate Conditions of Different Brazilian Regions and SALB 14.3.2.1 Dry Regions and Spatial Evasion 14.3.2.2 Humid Regions and Temporal Evasion (Avoidance) 14.3.2.3 Super-Humid Regions and Crown Grafting 14.3.2.4 Super-Humid Regions and Neoextractivism 14.3.3 Chemical Control 14.3.4 Biological Control 14.4 Conclusions References Index