Forensic odontology : principles and practice

__Forensic Odontology: Principles and Practice__ details the aspects necessary to become an accomplished forensic odontologist, including an illustration of the skills necessary to become an expert witness. The book is ideal for both the experienced and novice forensic odontologist, covering many fields of expertise, including civil and criminal matters. The civil side involves standard of care and personal injury matters, while the criminal side involves not only dental identification, but management of mass fatality incidents, age assessment, child and elder abuse, and bitemark analysis. Front Cover FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Copyright Dedication Contents List of Contributors Biographies Foreword 1 - Forensic Sciences and Forensic Identification A LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSPECTIVE A PROSECUTION PERSPECTIVE A DEFENSE PERSPECTIVE Forensic Science Is Infallible Forensic Science Is Impartial CONCLUSION 2 - History and Scope of Forensic Odontology INTRODUCTION HISTORY SCOPE References 3 - Dental Identification & Radiographic Pitfalls INTRODUCTION For Deceased Persons For the Living Amnesiac SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES OF HUMAN IDENTIFICATION Visual Ridgeology (Fingerprints) Anthropology/Radiology DNA Dental COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF POSTMORTEM DENTAL EVIDENCE Examination Procedures Access the Oral Cavity Viewable Remains Nonviewable Remains Surgical Exposure for Access to Oral Cavity Photography Photographic Views Dental Radiographs The Postmortem Dental Record Dental Examination Numbering Systems, Narrative Descriptors, and Nomenclature Three-Dimensional Models Collection and Preservation of Antemortem Dental Evidence TYPES OF ANTEMORTEM INFORMATION Antemortem Radiographs Panoramic Radiographs Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Medical Radiographs Preservation of Antemortem Dental Evidence RATIONALE FOR COMPARISON Comparison Additional Comparison Techniques Direction of Change Categories and Terminology for Body Identification Positive Identification Possible Identification Insufficient Evidence Exclusion REPORT WRITING TESTIFYING IN COURT IN A FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION CASE FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY SOFTWARE Currently Used Software Packages WinID3 Unified Victim Identification System/UVIS Dental Identification Module Disaster Victim Identification System International OdontoSearch 3.0 MISSING AND UNIDENTIFIED PERSONS DATABASES NamUs NCIC Others CONCLUSION MOST COMMON PITFALLS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY RADIOGRAPHY PRACTICES Spatial Orientation of the Image/Projection Geometry MANUFACTURER'S INDICATORS OF DETERMINING LEFT AND RIGHT SPATIAL ORIENTATION WHEN USING DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS Reference Further Reading 4 - Forensic Dental Photography INTRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF PHOTOGRAPHY How a Digital Camera Works Optical Physics Physics of Image Formation Lenses Types of Lenses Perspective Distortion Depth of Field Sensors Exposure Control Macro (Close-Up) Photography Macro Photography Issues ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AND ITS APPLICATION IN FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY Four Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on an Object VISIBLE LIGHT (CONVENTIONAL) PHOTOGRAPHY Visible Light Photography Protocol (General Remarks) GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE IN IDENTIFICATION CASES GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF PATTERNED INJURIES GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE ON SUSPECTS PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION IN ABUSE CASES Alternate Light Imaging Uses of Alternate Light Imaging AL CASE PRESENTATION Infrared Photography Making Infrared Images Results False Negatives False Positives Interpretation of the Infrared Image CASE PRESENTATION 1 CASE PRESENTATION 2 CASE PRESENTATION 3 Nonvisible Light Photography: Ultraviolet Technique Uses for Ultraviolet Photography CASE PRESENTATION 4 CASE PRESENTATION 5 CASE PRESENTATION 6 References 5 - Disaster Victim Identification DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF DISASTERS RESPONSE TO A MULTIPLE FATALITY INCIDENT FEDERAL AUTHORITIES FOR DISASTER RESPONSE EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTIONS EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTION 8 DISASTER SITE MANAGEMENT Notification and Assessment by Medical Examiners and Coroners Morgue Location Search and Recovery Security and Safety Establishing a DVI Morgue Operation (DMORT Model) COMPONENTS OF MORTUARY OPERATIONS Decontamination Reception/Registration Fingerprint Radiography Pathology/Autopsy Anthropology Dental DNA Embalming/Casketing Body Storage Clerical or Information Resource Center PROTOCOL FOR A LOCAL OR STATE DVI DENTAL SECTION FORMATION OF A DENTAL IDENTIFICATION TEAM DENTAL SECTION TEAM LEADER POSTMORTEM DENTAL SECTION ANTEMORTEM DENTAL SECTION DENTAL COMPARISON SECTION DENTAL EXAMINATION SUPPLIES MORGUE SHIFTS PORTABLE DENTAL X-RAY GENERATOR DIGITAL DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY SENSORS COMPUTER-ASSISTED DENTAL IDENTIFICATION SOFTWARE WinID3 DVI System International Unified Victim Identification System/ UVIS Dental Identification Module TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN DENTAL IDENTIFICATION/FLIGHT 3407 References Further Reading 6 - Missing and Unidentified Persons INTRODUCTION Law Enforcement Agencies Medical Examiners and Coroners Natural Disasters, Man-Made Disasters, and Armed Conflict Family and Friends Partial List of Public and Private Agencies to Assist Missing Persons Reports Missing Persons Checklist Forensic Odontology National and International Databases Case Study #1 Case Study #2 SUMMARY References 7 - Domestic Violence ADULT AND ELDER ABUSE AND MALTREATMENT INTRODUCTION RECORDS VIOLENT BEHAVIORS INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE PHYSICAL INJURIES DURING ADOLESCENT/TEENAGE DATING RELATIONSHIP SPOUSE ABUSE (INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE) ABUSE DURING PREGNANCY ELDER ABUSE AND NEGLECT TECHNIQUES FOR RECORDING EVIDENCE OF TRAUMATIC INJURIES CONCLUSION CHILD ABUSE AND MALTREATMENT EPIDEMIOLOGY RECOGNIZING ABUSE AND NEGLECT PHYSICAL ABUSE ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA NEGLECT SEXUAL ABUSE TALKING TO CHILDREN ABOUT ABUSE MANDATED REPORTING CHILD ADVOCACY CENTERS CONCLUSION References Further Reading 8 - Assessment of Dental Age INTRODUCTION INFANT/CHILD TECHNIQUES ADOLESCENT TECHNIQUES ADULT TECHNIQUES BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS Forensic Dental Age Assessment Guidelines Forensic Dental Age Assessment Standards References 9 - Patterned Injury Analysis and Bitemark Comparison HISTORY OF BITEMARK EVIDENCE Early Reports Concerning Biting and Bitemark 20th-Century Reports of Bitemark Evidence Admissibility of Bitemark Evidence Exonerations Involving the Use of Bitemark Evidence BITEMARK CASES OF NOTE Doyle v State, 1954, 159 Tex. C.R. 310, 263 S.W. 2d 779 Fredrik Fasting Torgersen (Norway), 1958 Crown v. Hay (Scotland), 1967 People v. Johnson, 1972, 8 Ill. App.3d 457, 289 N.E.2d 772 People v. Marx, 1975, 54 Cal. App.3d 100, 126 Cal. Rptr. 350 People v. Milone, 1976, 43 Ill. App.3d 385, 356 N.E.2d 531 Bundy v. State, 1984, 455 So.2d 330 (Fla. 1984), 349 Stewart v. Florida, 1982, 420 So.2d 862 RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF PATTERNED INJURY EVIDENCE Introduction Analysis of Patterned Injury Evidence Comparison of Bitemark Evidence With Suspected Biters Evidentiary Value of Bitemark Evidence WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS INVOLVING BITEMARK EVIDENCE IS PATTERNED INJURY ANALYSIS A SCIENCE? MINIMIZING BIAS Blinding Independent Verification (Second Opinion) Following Patterned Injury Analysis Methodology Conservative Opinion Statements APPENDIX References Further Reading 10 - United States Jurisprudence INTRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF LAW ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE AND EXPERTS Glossary of Latin Legal Terms 11 - Expert Witness Guidelines & Testimony: Forensic Odontology Expertise Versus Expert Witness Expertise Legal Precedents Versus Cutting Edge Technology INTRODUCTION EXPERT WITNESS SKILLS Testimony Court Testimony TENETS AND TACTICS TENETS TACTICS Strategic Responses Language Choices Summary BASICS OF DIRECT TESTIMONY NOTEWORTHY DIRECT TESTIMONY DEPOSITION TESTIMONY STRATEGIES Reports Report Writing Guidelines CONTENT OF REPORTS STRATEGIES ABOUT REPORTS CAVEATS ABOUT REPORTS DEFENDING YOUR REPORT Curriculum Vitae Contents of a Curriculum Vita Curriculum Vitae Caveats Further Reading 12 - Expert Witness Liability: An Attorney's Perspective An Insurance Risk Management Perspective 13 - Ethical Issues in Forensic Science & Forensic Odontology INTRODUCTION THE SCRIPT THE PLAYERS Law Enforcement Attorneys Judges Scientists Medicodental Practitioners Engineers Experts TOWARD CODES AND COMPLIANCE The Need The Seven Deadly Sins Lust Versus Chastity (Purity/Integrity) (Merriam-Webster) Envy Versus Kindness (Benevolence/Mercy) (Merriam-Webster) Greed Versus Charity (Philanthropy) (Merriam-Webster) Sloth Versus Diligence (Merriam-Webster) Gluttony Versus Temperance (Moderation) (Merriam-Webster) Anger Versus Patience (Tolerance/Sufferance) (Merriam-Webster) Pride Versus Humility (Merriam-Webster) Conclusion ETHICAL SCENARIOS References 14 - Forensic Odontology Related Specialties DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID HAS BEEN USED FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION FOR DECADES WHAT IS SHORT TANDEM REPEAT TYPING? EVIDENCE COLLECTION DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID TESTING RESULTS INTERPRETATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OTHER MARKERS COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM AND OTHER DATABASES FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND BITEMARK CASES References Forensic Anthropology in Medico-Legal Death Investigation INTRODUCTION AND GRADUATE TRAINING DUTIES HUMAN? BIOLOGICAL AFFINITY: AGE, SEX, ANCESTRY (RACE), AND STATURE TRAUMA TAPHONOMY POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION THE SCENE TESTIMONY THE ANTHROPOLOGIST AND THE DENTITION References Further Reading Educational Outcomes CHAPTER 1: FORENSIC SCIENCES AND FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION CHAPTER 2: HISTORY AND SCOPE OF FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY CHAPTER 3: DENTAL IDENTIFICATION AND RADIOGRAPHIC PITFALLS CHAPTER 4: FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY CHAPTER 5: DISASTER VICTIM IDENTIFICATION CHAPTER 6: MISSING AND UNIDENTIFIED PERSONS CHAPTER 7: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CHAPTER 8: ASSESSMENT OF DENTAL AGE CHAPTER 9: PATTERNED INJURY ANALYSIS AND BITEMARK COMPARISON CHAPTER 10: UNITED STATES JURISPRUDENCE CHAPTER 11: EXPERT WITNESS GUIDELINES AND TESTIMONY CHAPTER 12: EXPERT WITNESS LIABILITY CHAPTER 13: ETHICAL ISSUES IN FORENSIC SCIENCE AND FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY CHAPTER 14: FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY–RELATED SPECIALTIES References Further Reading Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Back Cover When Most People Think Of Forensic Odontology They Envision A Dentist Making An Identification Of A Deceased Individual By Means Of Their Dental Records. However, The Truth Is Forensic Odontology Includes Many Fields Of Expertise And Is Comprised Of Civil As Well As Criminal Matters. The Civil Side Involves Standard Of Care And Personal Injury Matters, While The Criminal Side Involves Not Only Dental Identification, But Management Of Mass Fatality Incidence, Age Assessment, Child And Elder Abuse, And Bitemark Analysis. A Forensic Odontologist Must Also Possess The Skills Necessary To Convey Their Opinions As May Be Required By Law. This May Include Something As Simple As A Report, But It May Also Include Sworn Testimony By Way Of Deposition Or Court Appearance. Forensic Odontology: Principles And Practice Details The Aspects Necessary To Become An Accomplished Forensic Odontologist, Including Illustrating The Skills Necessary To Also Become An Accomplished Expert Witness. This Text Is Written For Both The Experienced And The Novice Forensic Odontologist. Provides A Comprehensive Review Forensic Odontology, Including The Skills To Becoming A Competent Expert Witness Covers The Fields Of Forensic Odontology, The Basic Skills, Legal Aspects, Legal Precedents, Report Writing And Expert Witness Testimony Includes Numerous Illustrations, Including Charts And Graphs, Along With B&w And Color Images