Forensic Analytical Techniques

The book will be an open learning / distance learning text in the __Analytical Techniques for the Sciences (AnTS)__ covering analytical techniques used in forensic science. No prior knowledge of the analytical techniques will be required by the reader.An introductory chapter will provide an overview of the science of the materials used as forensic evidence. Each of the following chapters will describe the techniques used in forensic analysis. The theory, instrumentation and sampling techniques will be explained and examples of the application of each technique to particular forensic samples will be provided. The reader will be able to assess their understanding with the use of regular self assessment questions and discussion questions throughout the book. The user of the book will be able to apply their understanding to the application of specific techniques to particular analyses encountered in their professional life. Forensic Analytical Techniques 3 Contents 7 Series Preface 15 Preface 17 About the Author 19 Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols 21 Chapter 1 The Chemistry of Forensic Evidence 25 1.1 Introduction 25 1.2 Evidence Types 26 1.2.1 Polymers 26 1.2.2 Fibres 30 1.2.3 Paint 31 1.2.4 Documents 33 1.2.5 Glass 34 1.2.6 Soil 35 1.2.7 Explosives 36 1.2.8 Firearms 38 1.2.9 Arson 38 1.2.10 Body Fluids 40 1.2.11 Drugs and Toxicology 40 1.2.12 Fingerprints 45 1.3 Introduction to Data Analysis 47 1.4 Summary 48 References 48 Chapter 2 Preliminary Tests 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Chemical Tests 51 2.2.1 Methods 52 2.2.2 Drugs and Toxicology 52 2.2.3 Body Fluids 53 2.2.4 Gunshot Residue 54 2.2.5 Explosives 55 2.2.6 Paint 55 2.2.7 Documents 56 2.3 Density 56 2.3.1 Methods 56 2.3.2 Glass 57 2.3.3 Soil 57 2.3.4 Polymers 58 2.4 Light Examination 59 2.4.1 Methods 59 2.4.2 Fingerprints 60 2.4.3 Body fluids 62 2.4.4 Documents 62 2.5 Summary 63 References 63 Chapter 3 Microscopic Techniques 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Optical Microscopy 66 3.2.1 Methods 66 3.2.2 Interpretation 68 3.2.3 Fibres 69 3.2.4 Paint 72 3.2.5 Drugs 73 3.2.6 Glass 73 3.2.7 Soil 74 3.2.8 Documents 75 3.2.9 Firearms 75 3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 75 3.3.1 Method 76 3.3.2 Interpretation 77 3.3.3 Paint 77 3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 78 3.4.1 Methods 78 3.4.2 Interpretation 79 3.4.3 Gunshot Residue 80 3.4.4 Paint 81 3.4.5 Fibres 82 3.4.6 Documents 82 3.4.7 Glass 83 3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy 83 3.5.1 Methods 83 3.5.2 Interpretation 84 3.5.3 Documents 84 3.6 X-Ray Diffraction 84 3.6.1 Methods 86 3.6.2 Interpretation 87 3.6.3 Explosives 87 3.6.4 Paint 87 3.6.5 Drugs 88 3.6.6 Documents 89 3.6.7 Soil 89 3.7 Summary 90 References 90 Chapter 4 Molecular Spectroscopy 93 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 94 4.2.1 Methods 94 4.2.2 Interpretation 97 4.2.3 Paint 98 4.2.4 Fibres 99 4.2.5 Polymers 106 4.2.6 Documents 109 4.2.7 Explosives 110 4.2.8 Drugs 111 4.3 Raman Spectroscopy 113 4.3.1 Methods 114 4.3.2 Interpretation 115 4.3.3 Drugs 115 4.3.4 Paint 117 4.3.5 Fibres 118 4.3.6 Documents 118 4.3.7 Explosives 118 4.4 Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy 119 4.4.1 Methods 119 4.4.2 Interpretation 121 4.4.3 Fibres 121 4.4.4 Paint 122 4.4.5 Documents 123 4.4.6 Drugs 123 4.4.7 Toxicology 125 4.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 125 4.5.1 Methods 125 4.5.2 Interpretation 126 4.5.3 Body Fluids 126 4.5.4 Toxicology 127 4.5.5 Fibres 128 4.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 128 4.6.1 Methods 128 4.6.2 Interpretation 129 4.6.3 Drugs 131 4.6.4 Explosives 132 4.7 Summary 133 References 133 Chapter 5 Elemental Analysis 137 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Atomic Spectrometry 138 5.2.1 Methods 138 5.2.2 Interpretation 139 5.2.3 Glass 139 5.2.4 Gunshot Residue 140 5.2.5 Toxicology 140 5.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry 141 5.3.1 Methods 141 5.3.2 Interpretation 142 5.3.3 Glass 142 5.3.4 Paint 142 5.3.5 Gunshot Residue 143 5.4 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 143 5.4.1 Methods 144 5.4.2 Interpretation 144 5.4.3 Glass 145 5.4.4 Gunshot Residue 146 5.4.5 Paint 146 5.5 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy 147 5.5.1 Methods 148 5.5.2 Interpretation 148 5.5.3 Glass 148 5.6 Neutron Activation Analysis 149 5.7 Summary 149 References 150 Chapter 6 Mass Spectrometry 153 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Molecular Mass Spectrometry 153 6.2.1 Methods 154 6.2.2 Interpretation 156 6.2.3 Drugs 156 6.2.4 Explosives 158 6.3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 158 6.3.1 Methods 159 6.3.2 Interpretation 160 6.3.3 Drugs 160 6.3.4 Explosives 160 6.4 Ion Mobility Spectrometry 161 6.4.1 Methods 161 6.4.2 Interpretation 161 6.4.3 Explosives 162 6.4.4 Drugs 162 6.5 Summary 164 References 164 Chapter 7 Separation Techniques 167 7.1 Introduction 168 7.2 Paper Chromatography 168 7.2.1 Methods 168 7.2.2 Interpretation 168 7.2.3 Documents 169 7.3 Thin Layer Chromatography 169 7.3.1 Methods 170 7.3.2 Interpretation 170 7.3.3 Drugs 170 7.3.4 Documents 171 7.3.5 Fibres 172 7.3.6 Explosives 172 7.4 Gas Chromatography 173 7.4.1 Methods 173 7.4.2 Interpretation 174 7.4.3 Drugs 174 7.4.4 Toxicology 176 7.4.5 Arson Residues 178 7.4.6 Explosives 179 7.5 Liquid Chromatography 179 7.5.1 Methods 179 7.5.2 Interpretation 180 7.5.3 Drugs and Toxicology 180 7.5.4 Fibres 182 7.6 Ion Chromatography 183 7.6.1 Methods 183 7.6.2 Interpretation 183 7.6.3 Explosives 183 7.7 Capillary Electrophoresis 185 7.7.1 Methods 185 7.7.2 Interpretation 186 7.7.3 Drugs and Toxicology 186 7.7.4 Explosives and Gunshot Residues 187 7.8 Summary 187 References 188 Chapter 8 Thermal Analysis 191 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Pyrolysis Techniques 192 8.2.1 Methods 192 8.2.2 Interpretation 192 8.2.3 Paint 193 8.2.4 Fibres 194 8.2.5 Polymers 194 8.2.6 Documents 195 8.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis 195 8.3.1 Methods 195 8.3.2 Interpretation 195 8.3.3 Polymers 197 8.3.4 Fibres 197 8.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis 198 8.4.1 Methods 198 8.4.2 Interpretation 200 8.4.3 Polymers 201 8.4.4 Explosives and Arson Residues 201 8.5 Summary 202 References 202 Responses to Self-Assessment Questions 205 Bibliography 219 Glossary of Terms 221 SI Units and Physical Constants 227 Periodic Table 231 Index 233 Forensic Analytical Techniques......Page 3 Contents......Page 7 Series Preface......Page 15 Preface......Page 17 About the Author......Page 19 Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 21 1.1 Introduction......Page 25 1.2.1 Polymers......Page 26 1.2.2 Fibres......Page 30 1.2.3 Paint......Page 31 1.2.4 Documents......Page 33 1.2.5 Glass......Page 34 1.2.6 Soil......Page 35 1.2.7 Explosives......Page 36 1.2.9 Arson......Page 38 1.2.11 Drugs and Toxicology......Page 40 1.2.12 Fingerprints......Page 45 1.3 Introduction to Data Analysis......Page 47 References......Page 48 2.2 Chemical Tests......Page 51 2.2.2 Drugs and Toxicology......Page 52 2.2.3 Body Fluids......Page 53 2.2.4 Gunshot Residue......Page 54 2.2.6 Paint......Page 55 2.3.1 Methods......Page 56 2.3.3 Soil......Page 57 2.3.4 Polymers......Page 58 2.4.1 Methods......Page 59 2.4.2 Fingerprints......Page 60 2.4.4 Documents......Page 62 References......Page 63 3.1 Introduction......Page 65 3.2.1 Methods......Page 66 3.2.2 Interpretation......Page 68 3.2.3 Fibres......Page 69 3.2.4 Paint......Page 72 3.2.6 Glass......Page 73 3.2.7 Soil......Page 74 3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 75 3.3.1 Method......Page 76 3.3.3 Paint......Page 77 3.4.1 Methods......Page 78 3.4.2 Interpretation......Page 79 3.4.3 Gunshot Residue......Page 80 3.4.4 Paint......Page 81 3.4.6 Documents......Page 82 3.5.1 Methods......Page 83 3.6 X-Ray Diffraction......Page 84 3.6.1 Methods......Page 86 3.6.4 Paint......Page 87 3.6.5 Drugs......Page 88 3.6.7 Soil......Page 89 References......Page 90 Chapter 4 Molecular Spectroscopy......Page 93 4.2.1 Methods......Page 94 4.2.2 Interpretation......Page 97 4.2.3 Paint......Page 98 4.2.4 Fibres......Page 99 4.2.5 Polymers......Page 106 4.2.6 Documents......Page 109 4.2.7 Explosives......Page 110 4.2.8 Drugs......Page 111 4.3 Raman Spectroscopy......Page 113 4.3.1 Methods......Page 114 4.3.3 Drugs......Page 115 4.3.4 Paint......Page 117 4.3.7 Explosives......Page 118 4.4.1 Methods......Page 119 4.4.3 Fibres......Page 121 4.4.4 Paint......Page 122 4.4.6 Drugs......Page 123 4.5.1 Methods......Page 125 4.5.3 Body Fluids......Page 126 4.5.4 Toxicology......Page 127 4.6.1 Methods......Page 128 4.6.2 Interpretation......Page 129 4.6.3 Drugs......Page 131 4.6.4 Explosives......Page 132 References......Page 133 5.1 Introduction......Page 137 5.2.1 Methods......Page 138 5.2.3 Glass......Page 139 5.2.5 Toxicology......Page 140 5.3.1 Methods......Page 141 5.3.4 Paint......Page 142 5.4 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy......Page 143 5.4.2 Interpretation......Page 144 5.4.3 Glass......Page 145 5.4.5 Paint......Page 146 5.5 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy......Page 147 5.5.3 Glass......Page 148 5.7 Summary......Page 149 References......Page 150 6.2 Molecular Mass Spectrometry......Page 153 6.2.1 Methods......Page 154 6.2.3 Drugs......Page 156 6.3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry......Page 158 6.3.1 Methods......Page 159 6.3.4 Explosives......Page 160 6.4.2 Interpretation......Page 161 6.4.4 Drugs......Page 162 References......Page 164 Chapter 7 Separation Techniques......Page 167 7.2.2 Interpretation......Page 168 7.3 Thin Layer Chromatography......Page 169 7.3.3 Drugs......Page 170 7.3.4 Documents......Page 171 7.3.6 Explosives......Page 172 7.4.1 Methods......Page 173 7.4.3 Drugs......Page 174 7.4.4 Toxicology......Page 176 7.4.5 Arson Residues......Page 178 7.5.1 Methods......Page 179 7.5.3 Drugs and Toxicology......Page 180 7.5.4 Fibres......Page 182 7.6.3 Explosives......Page 183 7.7.1 Methods......Page 185 7.7.3 Drugs and Toxicology......Page 186 7.8 Summary......Page 187 References......Page 188 8.1 Introduction......Page 191 8.2.2 Interpretation......Page 192 8.2.3 Paint......Page 193 8.2.5 Polymers......Page 194 8.3.2 Interpretation......Page 195 8.3.4 Fibres......Page 197 8.4.1 Methods......Page 198 8.4.2 Interpretation......Page 200 8.4.4 Explosives and Arson Residues......Page 201 References......Page 202 Responses to Self-Assessment Questions......Page 205 Bibliography......Page 219 Glossary of Terms......Page 221 SI Units and Physical Constants......Page 227 Periodic Table......Page 231 Index......Page 233 "The book will be an open learning / distance learning text in the Analytical Techniques for the Sciences (AnTS) covering analytical techniques used in forensic science. No prior knowledge of the analytical techniques will be required by the reader. An introductory chapter will provide an overview of the science of the materials used as forensic evidence. Each of the following chapters will describe the techniques used in forensic analysis. The theory, instrumentation and sampling techniques will be explained and examples of the application of each technique to particular forensic samples will be provided. The reader will be able to assess their understanding with the use of regular self assessment questions and discussion questions throughout the book. The user of the book will be able to apply their understanding to the application of specific techniques to particular analyses encountered in their professional life"-- Provided by publisher The book offers an open learning/distance learning text covering analytical techniques used in forensic science. After an introduction, chapters describe specific techniques including background theory, instrumentation, and sampling techniques, along with examples of their forensic samples.