اجساد خارجی: اقیانوسیه و علم نژاد ۱۷۵۰-۱۹۴۰

From the 18th century, Oceania became the principal laboratory of raciology for scholars, voyagers, and colonizers alike. By juxtaposing encounters and theory, this magisterial book explores the semantics of human difference in all its emotional, intellectual, religious, and practical dimensions. The argument developed is subtle, engrossing, and gives the paradigm of ‘race’ its full use value. Foreign Bodies is a model of analysis and erudition from which historians of science and everyone interested in intercultural relations will greatly profit.Claude Blanckaert, CNRS (Centre Alexandre Koyré), Paris, and Honorary President, French Society for the History of the Science of Man Foreign Bodies......Page 1 Table of Contents......Page 7 Figures......Page 9 Preface......Page 11 Editors' Biographies......Page 15 Contributors......Page 17 Acknowledgements......Page 19 Introduction......Page 21 Foreign Bodies in Oceania......Page 23 Strategies......Page 24 Naming spaces......Page 25 Classifying people......Page 28 Oceania......Page 32 Foreign bodies......Page 33 The chapters......Page 34 References......Page 37 Part One – Emergence: Thinking the Science of Race, 1750-1880......Page 51 Climate to Crania: science and the racialization of human difference......Page 53 Slippery word......Page 54 Changing connotations......Page 55 New imperatives: taxonomy and biology......Page 57 Original unity and the paradox of human differences......Page 64 Intimating polygeny......Page 67 Origins, races, species......Page 69 The triumph of racial difference......Page 73 Defining a species......Page 78 Confronting hybrids......Page 80 Darwinian synthesis......Page 84 Broca and the degrees of hybridity......Page 86 Topinard's synthesis......Page 88 Residual monogeny and the spectre of extinction......Page 90 Conclusion......Page 92 References......Page 93 Part Two – Experience: the Science of Race and Oceania, 1750-1869......Page 117 'Novus Orbis Australis': Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850......Page 119 Buffon and Dampier — 'great variety of Savages'......Page 120 Brosses and the Forsters — 'two great varieties'......Page 122 Blumenbach — 'this remarkable variety'......Page 126 Collecting races......Page 129 Towards autochthony......Page 134 Naval naturalists and racial taxonomy in Oceania......Page 136 Morality, science, and the lure of polygeny......Page 145 Prichard — 'one original'; 'three principal groupes'......Page 151 Conclusion......Page 153 References......Page 155 'Oceanic Negroes': British anthropology of Papuans, 1820-1869......Page 177 'Papuanesia'......Page 181 John Crawfurd — 'two separate races'......Page 187 George Windsor Earl — 'a single glance is sufficient'......Page 192 Alfred Russel Wallace — 'Had I been blind ...'......Page 194 The priority of presence......Page 197 The cardinality of comparison......Page 198 Topography of purity: admixture, commixture, intermixture......Page 200 On coming out strong......Page 205 References......Page 207 Part Three – Consolidation: the Science of Race and Aboriginal Australians, 1860-1885......Page 223 British Anthropological Thought in Colonial Practice: the appropriation of Indigenous Australian bodies, 1860-1880......Page 225 The ubiquity of race......Page 227 The lure of Aboriginal bodies — the Darwinians......Page 232 Metropolitan ideas and the colonial 'field'......Page 237 The lure of Aboriginal bodies — the polygenists......Page 239 Conclusion......Page 243 References......Page 244 Aboriginal Australians in 19th-century French anthropology......Page 249 Cunningham's troupe and Topinard's 'presentation'......Page 251 'Arguments about Aborigines'......Page 255 Broca and human hybridity......Page 256 Topinard and Aboriginal Australians......Page 257 Topinard and the two races theory......Page 260 Hamy and the push for ethnography......Page 263 Houzé and polygeny......Page 264 Jacques and the cultural perspective......Page 266 Conclusion......Page 268 References......Page 269 Part Four – Complicity and Challenge: the Science of Race and Evangelical Humanism, 1800-1930......Page 277 Heathens and the capacity for religious thought......Page 279 Indigenous Gentiles: human unity and missions......Page 283 'The faculty of faith': evidence and theories......Page 287 George Brown, Frazer, and the origins of totemism......Page 292 Conclusion......Page 295 References......Page 296 'White Man's Burden', 'White Man's Privilege': Christian humanism and racial determinism in Oceania, 1890-1930......Page 303 Armchair anthropology and missionary ethnography......Page 304 The naturalness of race and the challenge of experience......Page 306 Internationalism and its enemies......Page 308 The 'sacred trust of civilization' in New Guinea......Page 312 Christianity and the race problem......Page 316 References......Page 318 Part Five – Zenith: Colonial Contradictions and the Chimera of Racial Purity, 1920-1940......Page 325 The Half-Caste in Australia, New Zealand, and Western Samoa between the Wars: different problem, different places?......Page 327 The 'half-caste problem' between the wars......Page 328 Differing evaluations of miscegenation......Page 329 The 'half-caste problem' in Australia......Page 334 Half-castes in New Zealand: not a problem?......Page 336 The menace of the half-caste in Western Samoa and Fiji......Page 338 The significance of place......Page 342 Postcolonial fortunes......Page 344 References......Page 346 Epilogue......Page 357 The Cultivation of Difference in Oceania......Page 359 The Collection Investigates The Reciprocal Significance Of Oceania For The Science Of Race, And Of Racial Thinking For Oceania, During The Two Centuries After 1750, Giving 'oceania' A Broad Definition That Encompasses The Pacific Islands, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, And The Malay Archipelago. We Aim To Denaturalize The Modernist Scientific Concept Of Race By Means Of A Dual Historical Strategy: Tracking The Emergence Of The Concept In Western Europe At The End Of The Eighteenth Century, Its Subsequent Normalization, And Its Practical Deployment In Oceanic Contexts; And Exposing The Tensions, Inconsistencies, And Instability Of Rival Discourses. Under The Broad Rubrics Of Dereifying Race And Decentring Europe, These Essays Make Several Distinctive And Innovative Contributions. First, They Locate The Formulation Of Particular Racial Theories And The Science Of Race Generally At The Intersections Of Metropolitan Biology Or Anthropology And Encounters In The Field A Relatively Recent Strategy In The History Of Ideas. We Neither Dematerialize Ideas As Purely Abstract And Discursive Nor Reduce Them To Social Relations And Politics, But Ground Them Personally And Circumstantially In Embodied Human Interactions.--provided By Publisher. Editors: Bronwen Douglas, Chris Ballard. Includes Bibliographical Records (p. 326-332) And Index. Also Available In An Electronic Format Via The Internet At The Publisher's Home Page: Http://epress.anu.edu.au. From the 18th century, Oceania became the principal laboratory of raciology for scholars, voyagers, and colonisers alike. By juxtaposing encounters and theory, this magisterial book explores the semantics of human difference in all its emotional, intellectual, religious, and practical dimensions. The argument developed is subtle, engrossing, and gives the paradigm of ?race? its full use value. Foreign Bodies is a model of analysis and erudition from which historians of science and everyone interested in intercultural relations will greatly profit. Claude Blanckaert, CNRS (Centre Alexandre Koyré), Paris, and Honorary President, French Society for the History of the Science of Man

Hank Nelson was an academic, film-maker, teacher, graduate supervisor and university administrator. His career at The Australian National University (ANU) spanned almost 40 years of notable accomplishment in expanding and deepening our understanding of the history and politics of Papua New Guinea, the experience of Australian soldie