ضایعات غذایی به منابع ارزشمند: کاربردها و مدیریت

__Food Waste to Valuable Resources: Applications and Management__ compiles current information pertaining to food waste, placing particular emphasis on the themes of food waste management, biorefineries, valuable specialty products and technoeconomic analysis. Following its introduction, this book explores new valuable resource technologies, the bioeconomy, the technoeconomical evaluation of food-waste-based biorefineries, and the policies and regulations related to a food-waste-based economy. It is an ideal reference for researchers and industry professionals working in the areas of food waste valorization, food science and technology, food producers, policymakers and NGOs, environmental technologists, environmental engineers, and students studying environmental engineering, food science, and more. Front Cover......Page 1 Food Waste to Valuable Resources......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of contributors......Page 14 Author biographies......Page 16 1.1 Food waste and food loss......Page 18 1.2 Food supply chain waste characterization......Page 19 1.3 Sources and origins of food waste......Page 20 1.4 Food waste generation......Page 21 1.6 Types of food waste and food processing wastes......Page 23 1.8 Management and valorization of food waste......Page 24 1.8.2 Landfill......Page 25 1.8.3 Bioenergy and biofuel conversion approaches......Page 26 1.8.4 Composting......Page 27 References......Page 28 2.2 Anaerobic digestion of food waste......Page 32 2.2.1 Pretreatments employed......Page 34 2.3.2 Temperature......Page 35 2.3.5 Micronutrients......Page 36 2.4.1 Single-stage digestion......Page 37 2.4.3 Multistage digestion......Page 38 2.6 Hydrogen production: dark fermentation......Page 39 2.6.1 Biohydrogen production from food waste......Page 40 2.7.1 Components/composition of food waste......Page 41 2.7.2 Pretreatments......Page 42 2.8 Biohythane production from food waste......Page 43 2.8.1 Process description......Page 44 2.10 Applications of biohythane......Page 45 2.12 Future perspectives......Page 46 References......Page 49 3.1 Introduction......Page 56 3.2.3 Comparison of bioalcohol properties and their applications......Page 57 3.3.1.1 Pretreatment......Page 58 3.3.1.1.2 Chemical pretreatment......Page 59 3.3.1.1.4 Biological pretreatment......Page 65 3.3.1.2 Hydrolysis or saccharification......Page 66 3.3.2 Midstream process......Page 69 3.3.2.1 Biobutanol fermentation......Page 73 3.3.2.2 Bioethanol fermentation......Page 74 3.3.3.2 Gas stripping......Page 75 3.4.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation......Page 78 3.4.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation......Page 79 3.4.4 Consolidated bioprocessing......Page 83 References......Page 84 4.2 Various food waste pretreatments for biodiesel production......Page 92 4.2.2 Chemical pretreatment......Page 93 4.3 Lipids to biodiesel conversion......Page 95 4.4.1 Acid-catalyzed transesterification......Page 96 4.4.2 Alkaline-catalyzed transesterification......Page 98 4.4.3 Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification......Page 100 4.4.3.1 Immobilized enzyme-catalyzed transesterification......Page 101 4.4.3.2.1 Adsorption......Page 102 4.4.3.2.3 Entrapment......Page 103 4.5 Reactors involved in biodiesel production......Page 104 4.7 Future prospects and conclusion......Page 108 References......Page 109 Further reading......Page 113 5.2 Thermochemical routes for bioenergy generation......Page 114 5.2.1.1.1 Moving grate......Page 115 5.2.2.2 Technologies......Page 116 5.2.3.1.1 Direct cofiring......Page 117 5.2.3.1.2 Indirect cofiring......Page 118 5.2.4.1 Principles......Page 119 Rotary kiln......Page 120 5.2.6 Gasification......Page 121 5.2.6.1 Principles......Page 122 5.2.6.2.1 Fixed/moving bed gasifier......Page 123 5.2.6.2.2 Fluidized bed gasifier......Page 124 5.2.7 Hydrothermal carbonization......Page 125 5.2.7.1 Transformation process......Page 126 5.3.1 Incineration......Page 127 5.3.4 Pyrolysis......Page 128 5.3.5 Hydrothermal carbonization......Page 129 5.4 Concluding remarks, challenges, and future prospects......Page 130 References......Page 131 Further reading......Page 135 6.2.1 Citric acid......Page 136 6.2.3 Succinic acid......Page 138 6.2.4 3-Hydroxypropionic acid......Page 139 6.2.6 Lactic acid......Page 140 6.2.7 Volatile fatty acids......Page 142 6.3 Production of enzymes......Page 143 6.4.1 Dialysis......Page 145 6.4.2 Microwave-assisted extraction......Page 146 6.4.4 Supercritical fluid extraction......Page 149 6.5 Downstream processing......Page 150 References......Page 151 7.2 Food waste as a valuable resource......Page 160 7.2.1 Biopolymers......Page 161 7.2.1.3 Application......Page 162 7.2.3 Baker’s yeast......Page 163 7.2.4 Single-cell protein......Page 164 7.2.5 Polysaccharides......Page 166 7.3 Reactors used for the production of biopolymers and feed proteins......Page 169 7.4 Economic aspects and commercialization of biopolymer and protein feed production......Page 173 References......Page 174 Further reading......Page 178 8.2.1 Aromatic compounds......Page 180 8.2.1.2 Terpenes......Page 181 8.2.1.5 Aldehydes......Page 188 8.2.2.3 Chlorophyll......Page 189 8.2.3.3 Tetracycline......Page 190 8.2.4.3 Peel oil......Page 191 8.3 Bioreactors used for fine chemical production......Page 192 8.4.1 Microwave-assisted extraction......Page 193 8.4.2 Ionic liquid extraction techniques......Page 194 8.4.5 Pulsed electric field extraction......Page 195 8.4.6 Supercritical fluid extraction......Page 196 8.6 Scale up and commercialization......Page 197 8.8 Future perspectives and conclusions......Page 198 References......Page 200 Further reading......Page 205 9.2 Bioactive compounds......Page 206 9.2.1 Phenolic compounds from food waste......Page 207 9.2.1.4 Stilbenes and lignans......Page 208 9.2.3 Bioactive peptides......Page 209 9.3 Biosurfactants......Page 210 9.5.1 Solvent extraction technique......Page 211 9.5.2 Microwave-assisted extraction......Page 214 9.5.4 Supercritical fluid extraction......Page 215 9.5.6 Ultrasound-assisted extraction......Page 216 9.5.7 Pulsed electric field......Page 217 9.5.8 High hydrostatic pressure extraction......Page 218 9.6.2 Use as nutraceuticals......Page 219 9.8 Conclusion......Page 220 References......Page 221 10.2 Enzymatic valorization of food waste for fermentative polyhydroxybutyrate production......Page 228 10.2.2 Production of polyhydroxybutyrate......Page 231 10.3.2 Production of biodiesel......Page 232 10.4.2 Production of bioethanol......Page 233 10.5 Enzymes involved, their roles, and applications......Page 234 10.5.2.3 Airlift bioreactors......Page 235 10.5.2.5 Membrane bioreactors......Page 237 10.5.4 Application of enzymes......Page 238 10.6 Immobilized biocatalysts and their applications in food waste valorization......Page 239 10.6.3 Lipids......Page 240 10.6.6 Bioreactors with immobilized cells/enzymes......Page 241 10.6.7 Kinetic aspects of immobilized cells or enzymes......Page 244 References......Page 245 Further reading......Page 249 11.1 Introduction......Page 252 11.3 Roles of microbes in composting......Page 253 11.4.1 Mesophilic phase......Page 257 11.5 Types of composting......Page 258 11.5.5 Gore cover system......Page 259 11.6.4 Porosity......Page 260 11.6.11 Microbial growth......Page 261 11.8.1 Developed countries......Page 262 References......Page 263 12.1 Introduction......Page 268 12.2.3 Cassava mill processing......Page 269 12.2.6 Seafood processing wastewater......Page 270 12.3.1 Anode......Page 271 12.3.1.1 Carbon-based anodes......Page 272 12.3.2 Cathodes......Page 273 12.3.3 Membrane separator......Page 274 12.4 Various configurations of microbial fuel cells......Page 275 12.4.1.3 Double-chamber upflow microbial fuel cell......Page 276 12.4.2.1 Single-chambered upflow......Page 277 12.4.3 Stacked microbial fuel cell......Page 278 12.6 Anodic biofilm......Page 279 12.6.1.2 Anodic microbes......Page 283 12.8 Microbial fuel cell coupled with anaerobic digestion of food waste......Page 284 12.10 Conclusions and future directions......Page 287 References......Page 288 Further Reading......Page 291 13.2 Food waste integrated biorefineries: an overview......Page 292 13.3.1 Methane–lactic acid production......Page 293 13.3.3 Ethanol–methane production......Page 296 13.3.4 Biolipid–methane production......Page 298 13.3.6 Volatile fatty acids–PHA......Page 299 13.4.2 Cultivation of microalgae: value-added products recovery......Page 300 13.5.1 Bioethanol fermentation: microbial electrolysis cell system......Page 301 13.6.1.1 Apple pomace......Page 302 13.6.1.3 Citrus waste......Page 303 13.6.1.5 Potato peel waste......Page 304 13.6.1.6 Rice waste......Page 305 13.6.2.2 Olive mill waste......Page 306 13.6.2.4 Rapeseed oil waste......Page 307 13.7 Integrated biorefineries in various sectors......Page 308 13.9 Integrated biorefineries: policies and regulations......Page 309 References......Page 310 Further Reading......Page 315 14.1 Introduction......Page 316 14.3.1 Developed countries......Page 317 14.3.2 Developing countries......Page 318 14.4 Treatment strategies and product recovery......Page 319 14.4.1 Animal feed......Page 320 14.4.2 Composting......Page 321 14.4.3 Anaerobic digestion......Page 322 14.4.3.3 European Union......Page 324 14.4.4 Fermentation......Page 325 14.4.5.1 Incineration......Page 326 14.4.5.4 Esterification......Page 327 14.5 Valorization of food waste around the globe......Page 328 14.6.4 South Korea......Page 331 14.7 Technical challenges, emerging trends, and conclusions......Page 332 References......Page 336 Further reading......Page 340 15.1 Introduction......Page 342 15.2 Technical challenges in food waste management......Page 343 15.3 Commercial scale-up of food waste valorization technology......Page 345 15.4.1 Transesterification......Page 347 15.4.2 Dark fermentation......Page 348 15.5 Cost-competitive food waste biorefinery development......Page 349 15.6 Techno-economic analysis of a food waste biorefinery......Page 350 15.6.2 Techno-economic analysis methodology......Page 351 15.7.1 Integrated mango biorefinery in an Indian context......Page 353 15.7.2 Food waste biorefinery in a European context......Page 354 References......Page 355 Further reading......Page 359 16.1 Introduction......Page 360 16.2 Issues associated with food waste......Page 361 16.3 Valorization of food waste......Page 362 16.3.1.1 Pretreatment of food waste......Page 363 16.4 Techniques for the conversion of food waste into valuable products......Page 364 16.4.2 Thermochemical conversion......Page 365 16.5.1 Issues in relation to valorization of food waste to compost......Page 366 16.5.2 Issues in relation to valorization of food waste to biogas......Page 368 16.7 Planning strategies and new innovative plans for food waste valorization......Page 369 References......Page 370 17.2 Life cycle analysis (LCA) of food waste: an overview......Page 376 17.2.1.3 Biological techniques......Page 377 17.2.1.4 System boundaries......Page 378 17.2.1.7 Life cycle impact assessment......Page 379 17.3.1 Anaerobic digestion: biogas recovery......Page 380 17.3.3 Transesterification: biodiesel production......Page 381 17.3.4 Composting: compost and fertilizer recovery......Page 385 17.5 Life cycle costing approaches to food waste and its valorization......Page 388 17.5.4 Cut-off and externalities......Page 391 17.7 Current efforts on LCA......Page 392 17.9.1 Exergy analysis......Page 393 17.9.2 Use of exergetic indicators......Page 394 17.10.1 Mass flow balance in process streams......Page 395 17.11.1 Types of food loss......Page 396 17.11.2.4 Consumption-stage food loss......Page 397 17.11.3.1 Industrial ecology application recovery......Page 398 17.11.4 Food losses and waste, their implications on water and land: a case study......Page 399 17.13 Conclusion......Page 400 References......Page 401 Further reading......Page 405 18.1 Introduction......Page 406 18.2 Circular economic approach......Page 407 18.3 Circular economy approach to food waste......Page 408 18.4 Bioeconomic approach......Page 409 18.5 Bioeconomic application to food waste management......Page 410 18.6 A circular bioeconomy for food waste management......Page 411 18.7 Challenges in food waste management......Page 412 18.8 International approaches to food waste management......Page 413 18.9 Conclusions and future of food waste management......Page 414 References......Page 415 19.1 Introduction......Page 418 19.3 Production guidelines standards......Page 419 19.5 Market-based products......Page 420 19.6.3 Up-scaling......Page 421 19.7 Market value of food waste valorization products......Page 423 19.7.3 Policy framework for commercial valorization of food waste......Page 426 19.8 Conclusions......Page 427 References......Page 428 Further reading......Page 431 20.1 Introduction......Page 434 20.2.1 Intellectual property protection......Page 435 20.2.3 Patents and their requirements......Page 436 20.3.2 Policy measures promoting social innovation......Page 437 20.4 Applications and marketability of food waste-based biorefinery products......Page 440 20.4.4 Animal by-products......Page 441 20.5.1 Cost and safety issues of emerging technologies compared with conventional techniques......Page 442 20.6.1 Triple-layered business model......Page 443 20.6.3 Order size model......Page 444 20.7.2 Communication strategy......Page 445 20.8.3 Mobile applications......Page 446 20.10.1 Food waste dynamics......Page 447 References......Page 448 Further reading......Page 450 Index......Page 452 Back Cover......Page 464 Food Waste to Valuable Resources: Applications and Management compiles current information pertaining to food waste, placing particular emphasis on the themes of food waste management, biorefineries, valuable specialty products and technoeconomic analysis. Following its introduction, this book explores new valuable resource technologies, the bioeconomy, the technoeconomical evaluation of food-waste-based biorefineries, and the policies and regulations related to a food-waste-based economy. It is an ideal reference for researchers and industry professionals working in the areas of food waste valorization, food science and technology, food producers, policymakers and NGOs, environmental technologists, environmental engineers, and students studying environmental engineering, food science, and more. Presents recent advances, trends and challenges related to food waste valorization Contains invaluable knowledge on of food waste management, biorefineries, valuable specialty products and technoeconomic analysis Highlights modern advances and applications of food waste bioresources in various products'recovery Food Waste to Valuable Resources: Applications and Management compiles current information pertaining to food waste, placing particular emphasis on the themes of food waste management, biorefineries, valuable specialty products and technoeconomic analysis. Following its introduction, this book explores new valuable resource technologies, the bioeconomy, the technoeconomical evaluation of food-waste-based biorefineries, and the policies and regulations related to a food-waste-based economy. It is an ideal reference for researchers and industry professionals working in the areas of food waste valorization, food science and technology, food producers, policymakers and NGOs, environmental technologists, environmental engineers, and students studying environmental engineering, food science, and more. -- Provided by publisher