Food Security and Climate-Smart Food Systems : Building Resilience for the Global South

This book, as a part of a series of CERES publications, identifies and explores the best ways to overcome the emerging challenges to food production and security and to build resilience in the Global South. The resilience of agriculture and food systems to shocks, especially in the context of environmental and climate risks and the Covid-19 crisis, is currently gaining growing importance in research, policy, and practice. The core focus of the book consists in particular of analyzing current dynamics and emerging trends related to the climate resilience of food security and exploring the importance of emerging approaches such as climate-smart agriculture, new roles of agriculture extension, smart farming, and adaptation of farming systems to climate change impacts in building such a resilience.The book includes both conceptual and empirical research reporting lessons learned from many geographical, environmental, social, and policy settings while focusing on Africa, Middle East, and Asia. It also provides research and policy-oriented inputs and recommendations to guide change processes at multiple scales. Foreword: Reversing Climate Change and Restoring Ecosystems as Pre-requisites for a Food-Secure and Resilient Future Acknowledgements About the Publishing Institutions Contents About the Editors Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Figures List of Tables List of Boxes 1 Food Security and Climate-Climate Smart Food Systems—An Introduction 1 The Volume’s Background, Scope, and Objectives 2 The Volume’s Content 2 A Co-Evolving Governance Perspective of Climate-Smart Agriculture and Some Important Yet Unaddressed Elements for Integrated Gains 1 Introduction 2 The Growing Climate Vulnerability of Farming Systems and The Need for Concerted Mitigation and Adaption Strategies 3 Co-Evolution of Adaptation and Resilience Needs Correlated with Mutually Reinforcing Challenges and the Governance Implications 4 Addressing Crosscutting Elements of Production and Consumption Systems to Secure Comprehensive Resilience Gains 5 Selected Governance Mechanisms with the Potential to Enhance the Development and Implementation of CSA Practices 6 The Emerging Funding Focus 7 Some Specific Leads About Governance Challenges to CSA from National and Regional Levels References 3 Rethinking the Agricultural Development Model in Post-COVID-19 Era Based on Scientific Knowledge: The Moroccan Case 1 Introduction 2 The Importance of the Agricultural Sector in Morocco 3 Water Stress and Its Consequences for Water Productivity Evaluation 4 Rethinking an Innovative Agricultural Development Model 5 Conclusion References 4 Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Labour Force and Food Security in Pakistan: The Importance of Climate-Smart Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Agricultural Labour Force 3 Growing Population and Food Security 4 Agricultural Production by 2050: A Case Study of Pakistan 5 Examples of CSA Practices 6 Conclusions References 5 Impacts of Climate Change on Horticultural Crop Production in Sri Lanka and the Potential of Climate-Smart Agriculture in Enhancing Food Security and Resilience 1 Introduction 2 Agricultural Geographical Zones in Sri Lanka 3 Crop Cultivation Patterns in Sri Lanka 3.1 Seasonal Cropping 3.2 Water Availability for Crop Cultivation 4 Food Security in Sri Lanka 5 Horticultural Crop Cultivation 5.1 Crop Varieties and Distribution 5.2 Demand for Horticulture Crops 5.3 Value-Added Production 6 Impacts of Climate Change and Environmental Degradation on Agriculture in Sri Lanka 6.1 Environmental Factors and Related Practices Affecting Agriculture 6.2 Climate-Induced Disasters and Their Impacts on Agriculture 6.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Production in Sri Lanka 7 Climate-Smart Agriculture as an Adaptation Strategy 7.1 Introduction of Climate-Resilient Varieties 7.2 Soil Management 7.3 Crop Diversification 7.4 Animal-Integrated Cropping Systems 7.5 Alternative Farming Methods 8 Conclusion and Recommendations References 6 Managing Climate Change Impacts on Food Production and Security in Sri Lanka: The Importance of Climate-Smart Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Development in Sri Lanka 2.1 Effect of Climate Change on Food Production and Food Security 2.2 Effects of Climate Change on Nutritional Security and Livelihood 3 Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Sri Lanka 3.1 Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices in Food Production and Security 3.2 CSA Practices in Nutritional Security and Livelihood 3.3 CSA Adaptation and Conceptual Framework for Sri Lankans 4 Conclusions and Future Directions References 7 Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Agriculture Industry in Sri Lanka: Overcoming Challenges and Grasping Opportunities Through the Application of Smart Technologies 1 Introduction 2 COVID-19 Issues and Opportunities 2.1 COVID-19 Related Challenges in Agriculture Industry 2.2 Potential Opportunities 2.3 Impact on Economy 3 Technology Readiness and ICT Initiatives in Agriculture Industry 3.1 Assessment of the ICT Infrastructure in Sri Lanka 3.2 ICT Technology Maturity Potentials in Agriculture Industry 3.3 Present ICT-Based Initiatives in the Agriculture Industry 4 Electronic Partner for Agro Services (EPAS) 4.1 Integration of Value Chain Actors in E-Space 4.2 Modules of Electronic Partner for Agro Services 5 Conclusions References 8 Integrated Transition Toward Sustainability: The Case of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Morocco 1 Introduction 2 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Morocco 3 Water Scarcity Challenges for Food Security and Growth in Morocco 3.1 The Water Challenge for Agriculture in Morocco in a Context of a Changing Climate 3.2 Towards a Persistent High Dependency on Critical Food Imports 3.3 Structural Drought is Reducing Morocco’s Economic Growth 4 How Does Agriculture Contribute to Water Scarcity? 5 Morocco’s Agricultural Policies at the Forefront of Climate Change Adaptation 6 Water and Energy Feedbacks in Morocco 7 Seawater Desalination as a Promising Solution for Water and Food Security in Morocco References 9 Food Security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Face to Emerging Dynamics: The Need to Rethink Extension Service 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Challenges Faced by Agriculture in KSA 3 Evolving Phases of Agriculture Sector in the Kingdom 3.1 Food Self-sufficiency—A Prime Challenge 4 Water Challenge in KSA and Adopted Management Practices 4.1 Management of Scarce Water Resources 4.2 Water Harvesting as a Climate Adaptation Practice with the Potential to Improve Water Availability 5 Climate Change—An Emerging Issue 6 Changing Cropping Patterns Remains a Challenge 7 Switching to New Crops Consuming Less Water 8 Greenhouse Crop Production 9 Heavy Imports of Food Commodities—A Challenge 10 Natural Resources and Farming Systems 11 Environmental Challenges and Pollution Hazards 12 Growers, Post-Harvest Technologies and Marketing of the Produce 13 Farming on Overseas Lands 14 KSA as Signatory to WTO and Other Treaties 15 Applications of ICT in Farming and E-Extension for Technology Transfer 16 Strategies to Improve the National Extension Service 16.1 Practicing Agriculture Depending on the Suitability of the Area 16.2 Enhancing Farmers’ Participation 16.3 Developing Public–Private Partnerships for a More Productive Extension Service 16.4 Fighting Pollution and Conserving Natural Resources 16.5 Maintaining a Balanced Rural–Urban Ratio 17 The New Roles of Extension Service 17.1 Renovation of Agricultural Extension Systems Through a Rethinking of the Curricula 17.2 Focus Areas of the Future Agricultural Extension Education Curricula 18 Conclusions and Recommendations References 10 Role of Agriculture Extension in Ensuring Food Security in the Context of Climate Change: State of the Art and Prospects for Reforms in Pakistan 1 Introduction 2 Population and Labour Force—The Profile of Pakistan 2.1 Agriculture Sector of Pakistan—An Overview 3 Current Situation of Agricultural Growth (2019–2020) 4 Challenges Facing Agriculture Sector in Pakistan 5 The Role of Agriculture in Achieving National Food Security 6 Climate Change and Food Security 7 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Pakistan 7.1 Impact of Climate Change on the Yield of Major Crops in Pakistan 7.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Pakistan 7.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Pakistan 7.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Livestock in Pakistan 8 Response Mechanisms to Face Climate Change in Pakistan 8.1 National Climate Change Policy—An Analysis 8.2 Role of Agricultural Extension Services in Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Within the Agricultural Sector 9 CSA Practices in Pakistan 10 Current Challenges to Agricultural Extension Services in Pakistan 11 Conclusion References 11 Role of Agricultural Extension in Building Climate Resilience of Food Security in Ethiopia 1 Introduction 2 Vulnerability of Ethiopia to Climate Change 3 Climate Change Impacts in Ethiopia 3.1 Impacts on Food Security 3.2 Impacts on Livestock 3.3 Impacts on Labour Productivity and Health 3.4 Impacts on Gender 4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Ethiopia 5 Climate-Smart Agriculture 6 Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy 7 Role of Agricultural Extension Services in Building Climate Resilience 8 Conclusions References 12 The Nexus of Climate Change, Food Security, and Agricultural Extension in Islamic Republic of Iran 1 Introduction 2 Role of Agriculture in Iran’s Economy and Food Security 3 National Policies and Objectives in Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Security 4 Case Studies on Impacts of Climate Change on Agro-Climatic Indicators in Iran 5 Climate Change Direct Impact Assessment in Iran 5.1 Water Resources 5.2 Agriculture 5.3 Livestock 5.4 Forestry and Rangeland 5.5 Recent Floods and the Disruption of Favourable Conditions for Winter Crop Development 5.6 Links Between Influx of Desert Locusts to Iran and Climate Change 6 Green Climate Fund Readiness and Preparatory Program 7 Priorities for Agricultural Research and Innovation 8 Extension Approaches for Climate Change in Iran 9 Conclusions References 13 Better Crop-Livestock Integration for Enhanced Agricultural System Resilience and Food Security in the Changing Climate: Case Study from Low-Rainfall Areas of North Africa 1 Introduction 2 Characterization of North Africa’s Crop Production System and Crop-Livestock Integration 3 The Framework of Crop-Livestock Integration 3.1 Opportunities and Challenges Relating to the Sustainable Intensification of Crop-Livestock Production Systems 3.2 Conservation Agriculture: An Integrated Approach for Crop-Livestock System Intensification 3.3 Good Agriculture Practice for Reducing Crop Yield and Feed Gaps 4 Integration of Crops, Livestock, and Trees: An Adapted Production System in Low-Rainfall Areas of North Africa 4.1 Conservation Agriculture Based Crop-Livestock Integration 4.2 Small-Scale Mechanization for Better Crop-Livestock Integration 5 Impacts of Adopting Agronomic Innovations 6 Innovation Management for Technology Scaling at Scale 6.1 Strategies for Scaling Innovations in Integrated Crop-Livestock System 6.2 Integrated Activities to Promote the Crop-Livestock Innovations Under Conservation Agriculture 6.3 Tools to Promote Technologies of the Crop-Livestock System Under CA Initiative 6.4 Up-Scaling Actors and Their Respective Roles 6.5 Use of ICT for Scaling the Crop-Livestock Innovations 7 Conclusions and Remarks References 14 Realizing Food Security Through Agricultural Development in Sudan 1 Introduction 2 Agricultural Sector in Sudan 3 Forest Sector 4 The Economic Importance of Agricultural Sector for Food Security 5 Food Security Situation in Sudan 6 Factors Affecting Food Supply Stability 7 Conclusion and Recommendations References 15 Agriculture in Fragile Moroccan Ecosystems in the Context of Climate Change: Vulnerability and Adaptation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Profile of Study Areas 2.2 Surveyed Populations and Investigation Tools 3 Climate Vulnerability of Two Fragile Ecosystems in Morocco 3.1 Vulnerability of Mountain Ecosystems to Climate Change 3.2 Vulnerability of Oases to Climate Change 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Production System in the Two Study Areas 4.2 Impacts of Climate Changes on Local Populations and Economy 4.3 Farmers’ Practices to Strengthen Climate Resilience 5 Conclusions References 16 Digitalization and Agricultural Development: Evidence from Morocco 1 Digital Transformation in Agriculture 2 Digital Agricultural Land Management 2.1 Remote Monitoring of Agricultural Land 2.2 Cropland Classification Using a Machine Learning Approach 3 Using Digital in Water Resource Management 3.1 Support Irrigation Water Management Using Spatial Remote Sensing and Modeling 3.2 Predict Changes in Water Management Indicators Using Multi-Year Agro-Economic Modeling 4 Digital Transformation and Risk Management 4.1 Assessment of Spatial Variability of Wheat Yield Using Remote Sensing 4.2 Spatial Analysis of the Risk Related to Losses of Wheat Production Value Using Satellite Data 5 Conclusion References 17 Natural and Regulatory Underlying Factors of Food Dependency in Algeria 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Algeria’s Food Security 2.1 Availability 2.2 Accessibility 2.3 Stability 2.4 Food Safety 3 From Food Self-sufficiency to Food Security in Algeria 4 Food Model Boosted by the Consumption of Milk and Wheat 5 Causes of Increased Food Dependency 5.1 Agriculture in the Global Economy 5.2 Population Growth and Rising Incomes 5.3 Agricultural Policies and Economic Governance 6 The Inefficiency of the Agricultural System 6.1 Low Production and Yields 6.2 Low Consumption of Productivity Inputs 6.3 Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water 6.4 Low Access of Farmers to Bank Loans 6.5 Unsuitable Land Structures 7 Conclusion References 18 Boosting Youth Participation in Farming Activities to Enhance Food Self-Sufficiency: A Case Study from Nigeria 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 The Study Area 2.2 Data Source and Sampling Procedures 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Descriptive Analysis 3.2 Estimates of Regression Models 4 Conclusion 5 Recommendations References Postface Biographical Notes of Authors The resilience of food systems and security to emerging challenges and threats, especially in the context of environmental and climate risks and global pandemics such as the Covid-19 crisis, is currently gaining growing importance in research, policy, and practice. Based on this, the core focus of this book, as a part of a series of CERES publications, consists of identifiying and exploring the best ways to overcome such challenges and shocks and to build resilience in the Global South. More precisely, the book analyzes current dynamics and trends related to the climate resilience of food security and assess the relevance of emerging approaches such as climate-smart agriculture, new roles of agriculture extension, smart farming, and climate adaptation of farming systems.The book includes both conceptual and empirical research reporting lessons learned from many geographical, environmental, social, and policy settings while focusing on Africa, Middle East, and Asia. It also provides research and policy-oriented inputs and recommendations to guide change processes at multiple scales.