Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites (World Class Parasites) (World Class Parasites)

The food-borne parasites discussed in this book are infections of animals which are transmissible to humans and constitute an important component of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (The World Health Organization). The increasing recognition of the public health significance of these zoonoses, their complicated links to poverty, agricultural intensification, environmental degradation, and the lack of appropriate tools for their control was the inspiration behind this book. In the past these diseases were limited to populations living in low- and middle-income countries, but the geographical limits and populations at risk are expanding and changing because of increasing international markets, improved transportation systems, and demographic changes. It is estimated that the number of people currently infected with food-borne trematodes alone exceeds 41 million, and the number of people at risk worldwide , including those in developed countries, is 750 million. The focus of this book is on those zoonoses that are transmitted by fish, plant and invertebrate foods. While people, especially those living in developed countries, are commonly aware of meat-borne zoonoses such as trichinellosis and cysticercosis, fewer are acquainted with parasitic diseases caused by liver, lung and intestinal flukes, fish-borne tapeworms, and tissue roundworms. This book reviews not only the prevalence and distribution of these zoonoses, including available health and economic impact data, but also highlights gaps in our knowledge base that must be filled in order to gain insights on approaches to prevention. The topics on epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical aspects emphasize knowledge gaps that limit a full understanding of these zoonoses, and target where greater research investments on these parasitic diseases should be focused. Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites provides the intellectual challenge and stimulation needed to build a more concerted international effort on prevention of these zoonoses. It is an ideal volume for parasitologists, microbiologists, immunologists, epidemiologists, and graduate students and professionals in the fields of public health, infectious disease, food safety and food science. World Class Parasites Cover 1 Preface 6 Contents 8 Contributors 10 I - Fish- and Invertebrate-Borne Parasites 14 1. Liver Flukes 15 Geographical Distribution 15 Biology and Genetic Variation 16 Life Cycle 17 Source of Human Infection 25 Fecundity 26 Prevalence of Infection 26 Incidence and Reinfection 27 Age- and Sex-Related Patterns of Infection 27 Frequency Distribution in Humans 30 Pathology and Pathogenesis 30 Host Immune Response 37 Liver Fluke Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma 39 Inflammation-Related Cholangiocarcinogenesis 42 Diagnosis 46 Treatment 50 Prevention and Control 50 Conclusion 51 References 52 2. Intestinal Flukes 65 Brachylaimidae Joyeux and Foley, 1930 65 Cathaemaciidae Fuhrmann, 1928 66 Echinostomatidae Poche, 1926 66 Fasciolidae Railliet, 1895 76 Gastrodiscidae Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 78 Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955 79 Heterophyidae Odhner, 1914 83 Lecithodendriidae Odhner, 1911 99 Microphallidae Travassos, 1920 101 Nanophyetidae Dollfus, 1939 101 Neodiplostomidae Shoop, 1989 102 Paramphistomatidae Fischoeder, 1901 105 Plagiorchiidae Ward, 1917 106 Strigeidae (Railliet, 1919) 107 Summary 107 References 111 3. Paragonimiasis 128 Invasion Biology and Parasite Proteases 131 A Spectrum of Clinical Manifestations 133 Diagnosis and Diagnostic Confusions 136 Chemotherapy 140 Changing Epidemiology of Paragonimiasis 141 Systematics and Evolution 148 Conclusion 152 References 152 4. Diphyllobothriasis: The Diphyllobothrium latum Human Infection Conundrum and Reconciliation with a Worldwide Zoonosis 162 Historical 162 Taxonomy 164 Biology 165 Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology 167 The New World North American 176 Native or Introduced? 176 Control 182 Symptoms 183 Gaps in Knowledge 184 References 186 5. Anisakid Nematodes and Anisakiasis 196 Anisakid Nematodes 197 Anisakiasis 204 Research Needs 211 Summary 212 References 213 6. Capillariasis 219 History 219 The Parasite 222 Life Cycle 225 Disease 229 Pathology 230 Diagnosis 232 Treatment 234 Epidemiology 235 Impact 239 Unresolved Problems 240 Control 241 Summary 242 References 242 7. Gnathostomiasis 245 Biology 245 Epidemiology 251 Other Localities 259 Clinical Aspects 259 Diagnosis 261 Treatment and Prevention 262 Prevention 263 Impact 263 Research Needs 264 Summary 264 References 265 8. Angiostrongyliasis 272 History 272 Parasite/Biology 273 Geographic Distribution 277 Disease 279 Pathogenesis 279 Diagnosis 284 Treatment 286 Epidemiology 286 Impact and Issues 290 Unsolved Problems 291 Control 292 Summary 293 References 294 II - Plant-Borne Parasites 300 9. Plant-Borne Trematode Zoonoses: Fascioliasis and Fasciolopsiasis 301 Fascioliasis 301 Fasciolopsiasis 321 References 328 III - General Aspects of Infection 343 10. Immunology of the Infection 344 Overview of Immune Responses Against Parasitic Worms 345 Immunological Aspects of Diseases 352 Key Issues in the Field 363 Conclusions: Animals Within Animals 370 References 371 11. Molecular Epidemiology of Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses 389 What Is Molecular Epidemiology? 389 The Role of Molecular Epidemiology in Infectious Disease Control 390 The Applications of Molecular Epidemiology to the Control Food- and Waterborne Parasite Zoonoses 392 Fish-Borne Trematodes 399 Toxoplasma 404 Conclusion 412 References 412 Index 422 ANOTHER,3HAXAP,RELEASE ANOTHER 3HAXAP RELEASE

Humans suffer from numerous parasitic foodborne zoonoses, many of which are caused by helminths. The helminth zoonoses of concern in this book are normally limited to diseases of animals which have now become transmissible to humans. In the past these diseases were limited to populations living in low- and middle-income countries, but the geographical limits and populations at risk are expanding and changing because of growing international markets , improved transportation systems, and demographic changes (such as population movements). The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that the number of people currently infected with food borne trematodes alone exceeds 41 million, but worldwide the number of people at risk, including those in developed countries, is 750 million. The increasing recognition of the public health significance of these zoonoses, especially their complicated epidemiologies, and their links to poverty, intensification of agriculture, environmental degradation, and lack of tools for control- has been welcome. However, the development of priorities for a national public health system is often a competitive exercise, and the argument for devoting appropriate attention and resources to foodborne parasitic zoonoses is generally handicapped by the lack of good health and economic impact data. The genesis of this book was a desire to draw attention to the problem of these zoonoses and to hopefully, inspire greater efforts to acquire a reliable global impact assessment and therefore a basis for improved prevention and control actions for these zoonoses.

This book reviews not only the prevalence and distribution of these zoonoses, including available health and economic impact data, but will highlight gaps in knowledge that must be filled in order to gain the assessment needed to depict the overall importance of a particular zoonosis. This is critical for comparisons to other pressing public health and development needs in resource allocations. The topics on epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical aspects emphasize the knowledge gaps that limit a full understanding of these zoonoses, and target where greater research investments on these parasitic diseases should be focused.

Front Matter....Pages I-XII Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Liver Flukes....Pages 3-52 Intestinal Flukes....Pages 53-115 Paragonimiasis....Pages 117-150 Diphyllobothriasis: The Diphyllobothrium latum Human Infection Conundrum and Reconciliation with a Worldwide Zoonosis....Pages 151-184 Anisakid Nematodes and Anisakiasis....Pages 185-207 Capillariasis....Pages 209-234 Gnathostomiasis....Pages 235-261 Angiostrongyliasis....Pages 263-290 Front Matter....Pages 291-291 Plant-Borne Trematode Zoonoses: Fascioliasis and Fasciolopsiasis....Pages 293-334 Front Matter....Pages 335-335 Immunology of the Infection....Pages 337-381 Molecular Epidemiology of Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses....Pages 383-415 Back Matter....Pages 417-429 Humans suffer from numerous parasitic foodborne zoonoses, many of which are caused by helminths. The helminth zoonoses of concern in this book were once limited to diseases of animals, but have now become transmissible to humans. This book reviews not only the prevalence and distribution of these zoonoses, including available health and economic impact data, but highlights gaps in our knowledge that must be filled in order to assess the importance of a particular zoonosis.