فولکلور: دایره‌المعارف باورها، آداب و رسوم، داستان‌ها، موسیقی و هنر (مجموعه 3 جلدی)

From the Publisher: Did you know that the tale of Cinderella is over 1,000 years old, and similar versions of this singular story exist in hundreds of cultures around the globe? Have you heard of "deathlore," a subgenre of folklore involving tombstones, coffins, cemeteries, and roadside memorial shrines? Did you realize that UFO sightings and cyber cultures constitute modern folklore? The broad field of folklore studies, developed over the past two centuries, provides significant insights into many aspects of human culture. While the term "folklore" conjures images of ancient practices and beliefs or folk heroes and traditional stories, it also applies to today's ever-changing cultural landscape. Even certain aspects of modern Internet-based popular culture and contemporary rites of passage represent folklore. This encyclopedia covers all the major genres of both ancient and contemporary folklore. This second edition adds more than 100 entries that examine the folklore practices of major ethnic groups, folk heroes, creatures of myth and legend, and emerging areas of interest in folklore studies. Cover......Page 1 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of Entries......Page 8 About the Editors......Page 14 List of Contributors......Page 16 Foreword......Page 22 Standard Folklore Indices and Classifications......Page 24 Academic Programs in Folklore, International......Page 26 Academic Programs in Folklore, North American......Page 28 Acculturation......Page 34 Activism......Page 36 Aesthetics......Page 40 African American Folklore......Page 44 African Folklore......Page 60 Aging......Page 65 Altar, Home......Page 69 Amerasians: Folklores of Mixed Heritage, Mixed Race Asian Americans......Page 72 American Indian Folklore Scholarship......Page 76 American Indian Tales......Page 83 Anansi......Page 96 Anecdote......Page 98 Animals......Page 100 Animal Tale......Page 104 Anthropological Approach......Page 115 Anthropology, Symbolic......Page 119 Antiquarianism......Page 125 Appalachian Folklore......Page 127 Applied Folklore/Folkloristics......Page 139 Arab Gulf States Folklore......Page 146 Arabian Nights......Page 149 Archetype......Page 156 Architecture, Folk......Page 158 Archives and Archiving......Page 165 Art, Folk......Page 171 Arthurian Lore......Page 176 Asian American Humor and Folklore......Page 183 Asian American Literature and Folklore......Page 189 Asian American Popular Culture and Folklore......Page 195 Assault, Supernatural......Page 201 Audience......Page 208 Authenticity......Page 210 Autograph Book......Page 213 Ballad......Page 216 Bard......Page 221 Beauty and the Beast......Page 225 Belief, Folk......Page 231 Belief Tale......Page 241 Bluegrass: Homegrown Music......Page 243 Borderlands Folklore......Page 248 Broadside Ballad......Page 252 Cantometrics......Page 260 Carnival......Page 261 Celtic Folklore and Mythology......Page 264 Chapbook......Page 271 Charivari/Shivaree......Page 274 Charm......Page 275 Childbirth and Childrearing......Page 277 Children’s Folk Heroes......Page 286 Children’s Folklore......Page 289 Chinese Folklore......Page 296 Choreometrics......Page 313 Cinderella......Page 315 Clever Question/Wisdom Question......Page 318 Communal Origins Theory......Page 319 Communitas......Page 321 Community-Based Research......Page 322 Comparative Mythology......Page 325 Computer-Mediated Folklore......Page 331 Conduit Theory/Multiconduit Theory......Page 332 Contestation......Page 334 Context......Page 336 Cosmology......Page 337 Costume, Folk......Page 339 Craft, Folk......Page 344 Creation Myths......Page 348 Cryptozoology......Page 351 Cultural Property......Page 354 Cultural Relativism......Page 357 Cultural Studies......Page 361 Culture Hero......Page 365 Custom......Page 367 Cyberculture......Page 372 Dance, Folk......Page 380 Deathlore......Page 388 Deconstruction......Page 390 Diachronic/Synchronic......Page 391 Dialogism......Page 393 Diffusion......Page 395 Dilemma Tales......Page 399 Discourse Analysis......Page 400 Dite......Page 402 Divination......Page 403 Drama, Folk......Page 416 Emic/Etic......Page 424 Enigma, Folk......Page 426 Environmentalism......Page 432 Ephemera......Page 434 Epic......Page 438 Epic Laws......Page 440 Erotic Folklore......Page 442 Eschatology......Page 449 Esoteric/Exoteric Factor......Page 450 Ethnic Folklore......Page 452 Ethnoaesthetics......Page 461 Ethnography......Page 464 Ethnology......Page 466 Ethnomusicology......Page 471 Ethnopoetics......Page 478 Etiological Narrative......Page 480 Euhemerism......Page 481 Evolutionary Theory......Page 482 Exorcism......Page 487 Fabulate......Page 490 Faerie and Fairy Lore......Page 491 Fairy Tale Heroes......Page 494 Fakelore......Page 500 Family Folklore......Page 501 Feast......Page 508 Feminist Perspectives on Folklore Scholarship......Page 510 Festival......Page 518 Fieldwork......Page 526 Film, Folklore......Page 531 Folk Culture......Page 541 Folk Group......Page 543 Folklife......Page 547 Folklore......Page 556 Folklorismus/Folklorism......Page 562 Folk Schools......Page 564 Folksong, Lyric......Page 570 Folksong, Narrative......Page 574 Folktale......Page 583 Foodways......Page 595 Fool......Page 600 Formula......Page 605 Frame......Page 606 Freedom Songs......Page 611 Freudian Psychology......Page 613 Frontier Folk Heroes......Page 616 Functionalism......Page 620 Games, Folk......Page 624 Gay (LGBTQ) Studies and Queer Theory......Page 632 Gender......Page 637 Genre......Page 642 Gesture......Page 648 Gesunkenes Kulturgut......Page 651 Giants......Page 654 Globalization......Page 658 Gossip......Page 661 Graffiti......Page 662 Great Tradition/Little Tradition......Page 665 Grimm Brothers......Page 667 Helpers, Folk......Page 672 Hemispheric Approach......Page 673 Hero/Heroine, Folk......Page 675 Historical Analysis......Page 681 Historic-Geographic Method......Page 687 History, Folk......Page 693 History, Oral......Page 696 Holidays and Commemorations......Page 699 Hybrid......Page 707 Hymn, Folk......Page 709 Icelandic Sagas......Page 712 Immigration......Page 717 Indian Folklore......Page 721 Inscription......Page 739 Internet......Page 741 Invented Tradition......Page 749 Jack and the Beanstalk......Page 752 Japanese Folklore......Page 754 Jewelry......Page 765 Jewish Folktales......Page 768 Joke......Page 775 Jungian Psychology......Page 779 King Arthur......Page 782 Language, Play......Page 786 Language, Secret......Page 787 Latino Folklore......Page 788 Legend......Page 797 Legend, Contemporary......Page 807 Legend, Urban......Page 810 Life-Cycle Ritual......Page 812 Life History......Page 814 Liminality......Page 815 Linguistic Approach......Page 817 Literary Approach......Page 823 Little Red Riding Hood......Page 828 Local Heroes......Page 833 Magic......Page 836 Magicians......Page 846 Magic Tale......Page 847 Martial Arts and Folklore......Page 849 Marxist Approach......Page 856 Mask......Page 861 Material Culture......Page 863 Medicine, Folk......Page 870 Memorate......Page 878 Memorial Shrine......Page 880 Metacommunication......Page 884 Midwifery......Page 886 Migration......Page 888 Mnemonic......Page 893 Mobility......Page 894 Modernization......Page 897 Monogenesis/Polygenesis......Page 900 Motif......Page 902 Mumming......Page 903 Museum, Folk......Page 905 Music, Folk......Page 908 Musical Instrument, Folk......Page 914 Myth......Page 919 Myth-Ritual Theory......Page 926 National Folk Heroes......Page 930 Neck Riddle......Page 932 Night Hag......Page 934 Obscenity......Page 936 Occupational Folk Heroes......Page 939 Occupational Folklife/Folklore......Page 941 Oikotype/Oicotype......Page 950 Onomastics......Page 952 Oral-Formulaic Theory......Page 960 Oral Tradition......Page 964 Organizational Folklore......Page 974 Paradigmatic/Syntagmatic......Page 980 Parody......Page 981 Participant-Observation Method......Page 986 Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore......Page 988 Performance......Page 998 Personal Experience Narrative......Page 1005 Phenomenology......Page 1007 Philological Approach......Page 1011 Photography, Folk......Page 1018 Pilgrimage......Page 1020 Place......Page 1024 Poetry, Folk......Page 1026 Popular Culture......Page 1033 Possession......Page 1038 Postfolklore......Page 1040 Postmodernism......Page 1043 Protest......Page 1047 Proverb......Page 1050 Psychoanalytic Interpretations of Folklore......Page 1059 Psychological Approach......Page 1061 Public Sector Folklore......Page 1069 Puppetry......Page 1078 Rapunzel......Page 1082 Rebus......Page 1085 Recitation......Page 1087 Regional Approach......Page 1090 Religion, Comparative......Page 1100 Religion, Folk......Page 1104 Religious Folk Heroes......Page 1113 Revenant......Page 1116 Reversal......Page 1118 Revitalization......Page 1119 Revivals......Page 1121 Rhetorical Analysis......Page 1123 Riddle......Page 1125 Riddle Joke......Page 1127 Ritual......Page 1129 Robin Hood......Page 1136 Romantic Nationalism......Page 1140 Rumor......Page 1146 Sacred......Page 1150 Sacrifice......Page 1152 Saga......Page 1154 Scatology......Page 1157 Semiotics......Page 1162 Shamanism......Page 1166 Shape-Shifters......Page 1169 Sleeping Beauty......Page 1170 Snow White......Page 1172 Speech, Folk......Page 1176 Spirit......Page 1182 Storytelling......Page 1184 Structuralism......Page 1191 Style......Page 1194 Supernatural/Supranormal......Page 1195 Superorganic Theories......Page 1197 Tale Type......Page 1202 Text......Page 1204 Textiles......Page 1208 Thompson, Stith......Page 1213 Tourism......Page 1214 Toy, Folk......Page 1218 Tradition......Page 1223 Traditionalization......Page 1227 Tradition Bearer......Page 1230 Transformation......Page 1231 Transmission......Page 1234 Trickster......Page 1239 UFOs and Folklore......Page 1244 Urban Folklore......Page 1247 Vampire......Page 1256 Verbal Art......Page 1259 Verbal Duel......Page 1260 Vernacular......Page 1265 Volkskunde......Page 1271 Werewolf......Page 1274 Women’s Folklore......Page 1277 Worldview......Page 1281 Xeroxlore......Page 1284 Index......Page 1286 Written by an international team of acclaimed folklorists, this reference text provides a cross-cultural survey of the major types and methods of inquiry in folklore.Did you know that the tale of Cinderella is over 1,000 years old, and similar versions of this singular story exist in hundreds of cultures around the globe? Have you heard of'deathlore,'a subgenre of folklore involving tombstones, coffins, cemeteries, and roadside memorial shrines? Did you realize that UFO sightings and cyber cultures constitute modern folklore? The broad field of folklore studies, developed over the past two centuries, provides significant insights into many aspects of human culture. While the term'folklore'conjures images of ancient practices and beliefs or folk heroes and traditional stories, it also applies to today's ever-changing cultural landscape. Even certain aspects of modern Internet-based popular culture and contemporary rites of passage represent folklore. This encyclopedia covers all the major genres of both ancient and contemporary folklore. This second edition adds more than 100 entries that examine the folklore practices of major ethnic groups, folk heroes, creatures of myth and legend, and emerging areas of interest in folklore studies. Written by an international team of acclaimed folklorists, this reference text provides a cross-cultural survey of the major types and methods of inquiry in folklore. * Contains contributions from major scholars such as David Leeming, Linda Degh, and Dan Ben-Amos * Numerous photographs bring the subject material to life * More than 300 entries, each concluding with a bibliography of references * Over 50 sidebars provide biographical information on major folklore collectors and scholars