Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery, Fifth Edition

The fifth edition of this text will continue to be of use to engineers in industry and technological establishments, especially as brief reviews are included on many important aspects of Turbomachinery, giving pointers towards more advanced sources of information. For those looking towards the wider reaches of the subject area, very useful additional reading is referenced in the bibliography. The subject of Turbomachinery is in continual review, and while the basics do not change, research can lead to refinements in popular methods, and new data can emerge. This book has applications for professionals and students in many subsets of the mechanical engineering discipline, with carryover into thermal sciences; which include fluid mechanics, combustion and heat transfer; dynamics and vibrations, as well as structural mechanics and materials engineering. * An important, long overdue new chapter on Wind Turbines, with a focus on blade aerodynamics, with useful worked examples* Includes important material on axial flow compressors and pumps* Example questions and answers throughout and an available Solutions Manual cover......Page 1 Front Matter......Page 2 Preface to the Fifth Edition......Page 4 Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 6 Preface to Third Edition......Page 8 Acknowledgements......Page 9 List of Symbols......Page 10 Subscripts......Page 12 Superscript......Page 13 Contents......Page 14 1.1 Definition of a Turbomachine......Page 19 1.2 Units and Dimensions......Page 21 1.2.1 Some SI Units......Page 22 1.3 Dimensional Analysis and Performance Laws......Page 23 1.4 Incompressible Fluid Analysis......Page 24 1.5 Performance Characteristics......Page 25 1.6 Variable Geometry Turbomachines......Page 26 1.7 Specific Speed......Page 28 1.8 Cavitation......Page 30 1.8.1 Cavitation Limits......Page 32 1.9.1 Stagnation Properties......Page 33 1.10 Compressible Fluid Analysis......Page 34 1.11 The Inherent Unsteadiness of the Flow within Turbomachines......Page 38 References......Page 39 Problems......Page 40 2.2 The Equation of Continuity......Page 42 2.3.1 The Steady Flow Energy Equation......Page 43 2.4 The Momentum Equation - Newton's Second Law of Motion......Page 44 2.4.2 Bernoulli's Equation......Page 45 2.4.3 Moment of Momentum......Page 46 2.4.5 Defining Rothalpy......Page 47 2.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Entropy......Page 48 2.6.1 Efficiency of Turbines......Page 49 2.6.2 Steam and Gas Turbines......Page 50 2.6.4 Efficiency of Compressors and Pumps......Page 52 2.7 Small Stage or Polytropic Efficiency......Page 53 2.7.1 Compression Process......Page 54 2.7.2 Small Stage Efficiency for a Perfect Gas......Page 55 2.7.4 Reheat Factor......Page 58 2.8 Nozzle Efficiency......Page 60 2.9 Diffusers......Page 62 2.9.2 Alternative Expressions for Diffuser Performance......Page 64 2.9.3 Some Remarks on Diffuser Performance......Page 66 2.9.4 Maximum Pressure Recovery......Page 67 2.9.5 Diffuser Design Calculation......Page 69 2.9.6 Analysis of a Non-Uniform Diffuser Flow......Page 70 References......Page 72 Problems......Page 73 3.1 Introduction......Page 74 3.2 Cascade Nomenclature......Page 75 3.3 Analysis of Cascade Forces......Page 76 3.5 Lift and Drag......Page 78 3.6 Circulation and Lift......Page 80 3.7 Efficiency of a Compressor Cascade......Page 81 3.9 The Cascade Wind Tunnel......Page 82 3.10 Cascade Test Results......Page 84 3.11 Compressor Cascade Performance......Page 87 3.13 Compressor Cascade Correlations......Page 90 3.13.1 Fluid Deviation......Page 94 3.13.2 Off-Design Performance......Page 96 3.13.3 Mach Number Effects......Page 97 3.14 Fan Blade Design (McKenzie)......Page 98 3.15 Turbine Cascade Correlation (Ainley and Mathieson)......Page 101 3.15.1 Total Pressure Loss Correlations......Page 102 3.15.3 Flow Outlet Angle from a Turbine Cascade......Page 105 3.16 Comparison of the Profile Loss in a Cascade and in a Turbine Stage......Page 106 3.17 Optimum Space-Chord Ratio of Turbine Blades (Zweifel)......Page 107 References......Page 108 Problems......Page 110 4.2 Velocity Diagrams of the Axial Turbine Stage......Page 112 4.3 Thermodynamics of the Axial Turbine Stage......Page 113 4.4 Stage Losses and Efficiency......Page 115 4.5 Soderberg's Correlation......Page 116 4.6 Types of Axial Turbine Design......Page 118 4.7 Stage Reaction......Page 120 4.7.1 Zero Reaction Stage......Page 121 4.8 Diffusion within Blade Rows......Page 122 4.9 Choice of Reaction and Effect on Efficiency......Page 126 4.10.2 Total-to-Total Efficiency of a Zero Reaction Stage......Page 127 4.10.3 Total-to-Static Efficiency of Stage with Axial Velocity at Exit......Page 129 4.11.1 To Find the Optimum eta_ts When R and phi are Specified......Page 131 4.11.2 To Find the Optimum eta_ts When alpha_2 and phi are Specified......Page 132 4.12 Stresses in Turbine Rotor Blades......Page 133 4.12.1 Centrifugal Stresses......Page 134 4.12.2 Determine......Page 137 4.13 Turbine Flow Characteristics......Page 139 4.14 Flow Characteristics of a Multistage Turbine......Page 141 4.15.1 Introduction......Page 143 4.15.2 Principle of Operation......Page 144 4.15.3 Two-Dimensional Flow Analysis......Page 145 4.15.4 Design and Performance Variables......Page 147 4.15.4.4 The Starting Behaviour of the Wells Turbine......Page 149 4.16.2 A Turbine with Self-Pitch Controlled Blades......Page 150 4.16.3 A Variable-Pitch Aerodynamic Turbine......Page 154 4.16.4 Further Work......Page 156 References......Page 157 Problems......Page 158 5.1 Introduction......Page 163 5.2 Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Compressor Stage......Page 164 5.3 Velocity Diagrams of the Compressor Stage......Page 166 5.4 Thermodynamics of the Compressor Stage......Page 167 5.5 Stage Loss Relationships and Efficiency......Page 168 5.7 Choice of Reaction......Page 169 5.8 Stage Loading......Page 170 5.9 Simplified Off-Design Performance......Page 171 5.10 Stage Pressure Rise......Page 173 5.11 Pressure Ratio of a Multistage Compressor......Page 174 5.12 Estimation of Compressor Stage Efficiency......Page 175 5.13.1 Casing Treatment......Page 180 5.13.2 Rotating Stall and Surge......Page 183 5.14 Control of Flow Instabilities......Page 185 5.15 Axial-Flow Ducted Fans......Page 186 5.16 Blade Element Theory......Page 187 5.17 Blade Element Efficiency......Page 189 References......Page 191 Problems......Page 192 6.2 Theory of Radial Equilibrium......Page 195 6.3.1 Free-Vortex Flow......Page 197 6.3.1.1 Compressor Stage......Page 198 6.3.2 Determine......Page 199 6.3.3 Forced Vortex......Page 201 6.3.4 General Whirl Distribution......Page 202 6.4 The Direct Problem......Page 205 6.5 Compressible Flow through a Fixed Blade Row......Page 206 6.6 Constant Specific Mass Flow......Page 207 6.7 Off-Design Performance of a Stage......Page 209 6.8 Free-Vortex Turbine Stage......Page 210 6.9 Actuator Disc Approach......Page 212 6.10 Blade Row Interaction Effects......Page 216 6.11 Computer-Aided Methods of Solving the Through-Flow Problem......Page 217 6.11.1 Through-Flow Methods......Page 218 6.12 Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the Design of Axial Turbomachines......Page 219 6.13 Secondary Flows......Page 220 Problems......Page 223 7.1 Introduction......Page 226 7.2 Some Definitions......Page 227 7.3 Theoretical Analysis of a Centrifugal Compressor......Page 229 7.5 Impeller......Page 230 7.6 Conservation of Rothalpy......Page 231 7.8 Inlet Velocity Limitations......Page 232 7.9 Optimum Design of a Pump Inlet......Page 233 7.10 Optimum Design of a Centrifugal Compressor Inlet......Page 235 7.10.1 Use of Prewhirl at Entry to Impeller......Page 239 7.11.1 Introduction......Page 240 7.11.3 Slip Factor Correlations......Page 241 7.12 Head Increase of a Centrifugal Pump......Page 245 7.13.1 Determining the Pressure Ratio......Page 247 7.13.2 Effect of Backswept Vanes......Page 249 7.13.3 Kinetic Energy Leaving the Impeller......Page 252 7.14.1 Vaneless Diffusers......Page 255 7.14.2 Vaned Diffusers......Page 256 7.15.2 Impeller......Page 258 7.15.3 Diffuser......Page 259 References......Page 260 Problems......Page 261 8.1 Introduction......Page 264 8.2.1 Cantilever Turbine......Page 265 8.2.2 The 90 Deg IFR Turbine......Page 266 8.3 Thermodynamics of the 90 Deg IFR Turbine......Page 267 8.4.2 Spouting Velocity......Page 269 8.5 Nominal Design Point Efficiency......Page 270 8.6 Mach Number Relations......Page 274 8.7.1 Nozzle Loss Coefficients......Page 275 8.8 Optimum Efficiency Considerations......Page 276 8.8.2 Solution of Whitfield's Design Problem......Page 278 8.9 Criterion for Minimum Number of Blades......Page 281 8.10 Design Considerations for Rotor Exit......Page 284 8.11 Incidence Losses......Page 288 8.12 Significance and Application of Specific Speed......Page 291 8.13 Optimum Design Selection of 90 Deg IFR Turbines......Page 294 8.14 Clearance and Windage Losses......Page 296 8.15 Pressure Ratio Limits of the 90 Deg IFR Turbine......Page 297 8.16 Cooled 90 Deg IFR Turbines......Page 298 8.17 A Radial Turbine for Wave Energy Conversion......Page 300 8.17.2 Flow Diagrams......Page 302 References......Page 303 Problems......Page 305 9.1.1 Features of Hydropower Plants......Page 308 9.2.1 Early History of Hydraulic Turbines......Page 309 9.2.2 Flow Regimes for Maximum Efficiency......Page 310 9.2.3 Capacity of Large Francis Turbines......Page 311 9.3 The Pelton Turbine......Page 312 9.3.1 A Simple Hydroelectric Scheme......Page 315 9.3.2 Controlling the Speed of the Pelton Turbine......Page 316 9.3.3 Sizing the Penstock......Page 317 9.3.4 Energy Losses in the Pelton Turbine......Page 318 9.3.5 The Overall Efficiency......Page 319 9.4 Reaction Turbines......Page 321 9.5 The Francis Turbine......Page 322 9.5.1 Basic Equations......Page 325 9.6.1 Basic Equations......Page 328 9.7 Effect of Size on Turbomachine Efficiency......Page 331 9.8 Cavitation......Page 333 9.8.1 Connection between Thoma's Coefficient, Suction Specific Speed and Specific Speed......Page 336 9.9.1 Sonoluminescence......Page 337 Problems......Page 338 10.1 Introduction......Page 341 10.2 Types of Wind Turbine......Page 343 10.2.1 Large HAWTs......Page 344 10.3 Growth of Wind Power Capacity and Cost......Page 347 10.5.2 Theory of the Actuator Disc......Page 348 10.5.4 The Axial Flow Induction Factor, ā......Page 350 10.5.6 The Axial Force Coefficient......Page 351 10.5.7 Correcting for High Values of ā......Page 354 10.7 Power Output Range......Page 355 10.8.2 The Vortex System of an Aerofoil......Page 356 10.8.3 Torque tau and the Tangential Flow Induction Factor a'......Page 357 10.8.4 Forces Acting on a Blade Element......Page 359 10.8.5 Lift and Drag Coefficients......Page 360 10.8.6 Connecting Actuator Disc Theory and Blade Element Theory......Page 361 10.8.8 Turbine Solidity......Page 362 10.8.9 Solving the Equations......Page 363 10.9.1 Spanwise Variation of Parameters......Page 364 10.9.2 Evaluating the Torque and Axial Force......Page 366 10.9.3 Correcting for a Finite Number of Blades......Page 367 10.9.4 Prandtl's Correction Factor......Page 368 10.9.5 Performance Calculations with Tip Correction Included......Page 370 10.10 Rotor Configurations......Page 371 10.10.3 Effect of Varying Tip-Speed Ratio......Page 372 10.10.4 Rotor Optimum Design Criteria......Page 374 10.11 The Power Output at Optimum Conditions......Page 378 10.12 HAWT Blade Section Criteria......Page 379 10.13 Developments in Blade Manufacture......Page 381 10.14.1 Blade Pitch Control......Page 382 10.14.2 Passive or Stall Control......Page 383 10.14.3 Aileron Control......Page 384 10.14.4 Blade Tip Shapes......Page 387 10.16.1 Blade Element Theory......Page 388 10.18 Peak and Post-Peak Power Predictions......Page 389 10.19.1 Visual Intrusion......Page 391 10.19.3 Addendum......Page 392 References......Page 393 Comment about "Missing" Problems......Page 394 Bibliography......Page 395 Appendix 1: Conversion of British Units to SI Units......Page 396 Appendix 2: Answers to Problems......Page 397 A......Page 400 B......Page 401 C......Page 402 D......Page 406 E......Page 407 F......Page 408 H......Page 409 I......Page 410 K......Page 411 M......Page 412 O......Page 413 P......Page 414 R......Page 415 S......Page 417 T......Page 418 W......Page 421 Z......Page 422 The new edition will continue to be of use to engineers in industry and technological establishments, especially as brief reviews are included on many important aspects of Turbomachinery, giving pointers towards more advanced sources of information. For readers looking towards the wider reaches of the subject area, very useful additional reading is referenced in the bibliography. The subject of Turbomachinery is in continual review, and while the basics do not change, research can lead to refinements in popular methods, and new data can emerge.
This book has applications for professionals and students in many subsets of the mechanical engineering discipline, with carryover into thermal sciences; which include fluid mechanics, combustion and heat transfer; dynamics and vibrations, as well as structural mechanics and materials engineering.

* An important, long overdue new chapter on Wind Turbines, with a focus on blade aerodynamics, with useful worked examples
* Includes important material on axial flow compressors and pumps
* Example questions and answers throughout and an available Solutions Manual The theory and technology of Turbomachinery continually evolves and while the basics do not change, research can lead to refinements in popular methods, while new data can emerge from industry. For example, research is currently being conducted in methods of computational fluid dynamics analysis, resulting in gradual improvements in those analytical methods and effecting major changes in the way research in Fluid Mechanics is conducted and presented.This new edition of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery has applications for professionals and students in many subsets of the mechanical engineering discipline, including fluid mechanics, combustion and heat transfer; dynamics and vibrations, as well as structural mechanics and materials engineering. Brief reviews are included on many important aspects of Turbomachinery, giving pointers towards more advanced sources of information. "This new edition of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery has applications for professionals and students in many subsets of the mechanical engineering discipline, including fluid mechanics, combustion and heat transfer; dynamics and vibrations, as well as structural mechanics and materials engineering. Brief reviews are included on many important aspects of Turbomachinery, giving pointers towards more advanced sources of information."--Jacket