فلورانس و بغداد: هنر رنسانس و علم عربی

The use of perspective in Renaissance painting caused a revolution in the history of seeing, allowing artists to depict the world from a spectator's point of view. But the theory of perspective that changed the course of Western art originated elsewhere-it was formulated in Baghdad by the eleventh-century mathematician Ibn al Haithan, known in the West as Alhazen. Using the metaphor of the mutual gaze, or exchanged glances, Hans Belting-preeminent historian and theorist of medieval, Renaissance, and contemporary art-narrates the historical encounter between science and art, between Arab Baghdad and Renaissance Florence, that has had a lasting effect on the culture of the West. In this lavishly illustrated study, Belting deals with the double history of perspective, as a visual theory based on geometrical abstraction (in the Middle East) and as pictorial theory (in Europe). How could geometrical abstraction be reconceived as a theory for making pictures? During the Middle Ages, Arab mathematics, free from religious discourse, gave rise to a theory of perspective that, later in the West, was transformed into art when European painters adopted the human gaze as their focal point. In the Islamic world, where theology and the visual arts remained closely intertwined, the science of perspective did not become the cornerstone of Islamic art. Florence and Baghdad addresses a provocative question that reaches beyond the realm of aesthetics and mathematics: What happens when Muslims and Christians look upon each other and find their way of viewing the world transformed as a result? In This Lavishly Illustrated Study, Belting Deals With The Double History Of Perspective, As A Visual Theory Based On Geometrical Abstraction (in The Middle East) And As Pictorial Theory (in Europe). Florence And Baghdad Addresses A Provocative Question That Reaches Beyond The Realm Of Aesthetics And Mathematics: What Happens When Muslims And Christians Look Upon Each Other And Find Their Way Of Viewing The World Transformed As A Result? Introduction : Describing A Culture : Blickwechsel (shifting Focus / Exchanging Glances) -- 1. Perspective As A Question Of Images : Paths Between East And West. What Is A Symbolic Form? ; Arab Mathematics And Western Art ; Geometry And Decorative Art : The Arabesque ; The Globalization Of Perspective ; Blickwechsel : Orhan Pamuk And Perspective As A Betrayal -- 2. The Taming Of The Eye : Criticism Of Seeing In Islam. Religion And The Prohibition Of Images ; Images As A Betrayal Of The Living Creation ; The Koran As Scripture And Script ; Under The Gaze Of Allah : Pictures As Narrative ; Blickwechsel : Pictures With A Living Gaze -- 3. Alhazen's Measurement Of Light And The Arab Invention Of The Camera Obscura. Alhazen's Book Of Optics, The Perspectiva ; Distance From Ancient Visual Culture ; Pathways Of Light And Properties Of Objects ; Mathematics And Geometry In Islamic Art ; Blickwechsel : Kepler Rediscovers The Camera Obscura -- 4. Perception And Knowledge : A Theory Of Vision Becomes A Theory Of Pictures. Scholasticism And The Conflict Over Perception And Epistemology ; Before Perspective : The Gaze In Giotto's Painting ; Pelacani's Invention Of Mathematical Space ; Ghiberti's Commentaries And Piero's Mathematical Art ; Blickwechsel : Alhazen Or Euclid? The Option For Vitruvius -- 5. Brunelleschi Measures The Gaze : Mathematical Perspective And Theater. Two Inventors In Florence ; Physical Space : The Architecture Of The Gaze ; Prospects On The Stage ; Panoramas In Urbino ; Blickwechsel : The Geometry Of The Muqarnas -- 6. The Subject In The Picture : Perspective As A Symbolic Form. Stealing An Emblem : The Eye As Representative Of The Gaze ; Nicholas Of Cusa And The Sovereignty Of God's Gaze ; The Subject As New Narcissus ; The Horizon And The View Through A Window ; Blickwechsel : The Mashrabiyya As A Symbolic Form -- Conclusion : Comparing The Gaze In Different Cultures. Hans Belting ; Translated By Deborah Lucas Schneider. Originally Published: Florenz Und Bagdad : Eine Westöstliche Geschichte Des Blicks. München : Verlag C.h. Beck Ohg, 2008. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The theory of perspective, which allowed Florentine artists to depict the world from a spectator's point of view, originated in Baghdad with an eleventh-century mathematician. Using the metaphor of the mutual gaze, Belting narrates the encounter between science and art, Arab Baghdad and Renaissance Florence, that revolutionized Western culture.