Flora of Australia Volume 37: Asteraceae 37

Volume 37 of the Flora of Australia is the first of three volumes covering the family Asteraceae . This volume presents an introduction to the family in Australia, including a synoptic classification and keys, and treatments of all the tribes represented in Australia, with the exception of the large tribes Gnaphalieae and Astereae , which will each be the subject of a future volume of the Flora. Nineteen tribes, 233 genera and 518 species are treated in this volume, of which the majority are introduced (only 47 genera include native species). Asteraceae are the largest family of flowering plants, with over 1,600 genera and 24,000 species found on all continents except Antarctica, and also one of the largest families in Australia, with an estimated 290 genera and 1,430 species. The family is found throughout Australia, in all habitats, although scarce in rainforest. Twenty-seven authors, illustrators and photographers have contributed to this volume. Front cover Front flap front endpaper Frontispiece Title page Copyright information CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 37 ILLUSTRATORS PHOTOGRAPHERS INTRODUCTION Scope and Presentation of the Flora Acknowledgments Colour block 1 ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) INTRODUCTION TO ASTERACEAE History of Classification Economic importance of Asteraceae Edible plants Seed oils Beverages Spices Sweeteners Insecticides Medicines Rubber Dyes Ornamental plants Weeds Poisonous plants References SYNOPTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN ASTERACEAE KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF AUSTRALIAN ASTERACEAE Key to the genera of Australian Asteraceae treated in this volume KEY TO ARTIFICIAL GROUPS GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP D GROUP E GROUP F GROUP G GROUP H GROUP I KEY TO AUSTRALIAN GENERA OF TRIBE GNAPHALIEAE KEY TO AUSTRALIAN GENERA OF TRIBE ASTEREAE Subfam. 1. MUTISOIDEAE TRICHOCLINE Trichocline spathulata Subfam. 2. CARDUOIDEAE Trib. 1. CARDUEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. HEMISTEPTIA Hemisteptia lyrata 2. CARDUUS 1. *Carduus nutans 2. *Carduus thoermeri 3. *Carduus acanthoides 4. *Carduus pycnocephalus 5. *Carduus tenuiflorus Excluded Name 3. SILYBUM *Silybum marianum 4. PICNOMON *Picnomon acarna 5. CIRSIUM 1. *Cirsium vulgare 2. *Cirsium arvense 2a. *Cirsium arvense var. arvense 2b. *Cirsium arvense var. vestitum Excluded Names 6. NOTOBASIS *Notobasis syriaca 7. CYNARA *Cynara cardunculus 8. ONOPORDUM 1. *Onopordum acaulon 2. *Onopordum tauricum 3. *Onopordum acanthium 4. *Onopordum illyricum Excluded Species 9. ARCTIUM 1. *Arctium lappa 2. *Arctium minus 10. CARTHAMUS 1. *Carthamus tinctorius 2. *Carthamus dentatus 3. *Carthamus leucocaulos 4. *Carthamus lanatus 11. RHAPONTICUM 1. Rhaponticum australe 2. *Rhaponticum repens 12. MANTISALCA *Mantisalca salmantica 13. CENTAUREA 1. *Centaurea calcitrapa 2. *Centaurea aspera 3. *Centaurea melitensis 4. *Centaurea eriophora 5. *Centaurea solstitialis 6. *Centaurea benedicta 7. *Centaurea paniculata 8. *Centaurea stoebe 9. *Centaurea cineraria 10. *Centaurea nigra 11. *Centaurea ×moncktonii 12. *Centaurea jacea Excluded name Subfam. 3. CICHORIOIDEAE Trib. 1. CICHORIEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. SCOLYMUS 1. *Scolymus hispanicus 2. *Scolymus maculatus 2. CICHORIUM *Cichorium intybus 3. CHONDRILLA *Chondrilla juncea 4. CREPIS 1. *Crepis capillaris 2. *Crepis setosa 3. *Crepis vesicaria 4. *Crepis foetida 5. *Crepis pusilla Excluded Name 5. TARAXACUM KEY TO SECTIONS Sect. 1. AUSTRALASICA 1. Taraxacum cygnorum 2. Taraxacum aristum Sect. 2. ERYTHROSPERMA 3. *Taraxacum gracilens 4. *Taraxacum sarcidanum 5. *Taraxacum gasparini 6. *Taraxacum hepaticolor 7. *Taraxacum multidentatum 8. *Taraxacum lambinonii Sect. 3. HAMATA Sect. 4. CELTICA 9. *Taraxacum bracteatum 10. *Taraxacum subbracteatum 11. *Taraxacum sect. Celtica Sect. 5. TARAXACUM Species Group 1 12. *Taraxacum khatoonae 13. *Other Taraxacum Group 1 species Species Group 2 14. *Taraxacum squamulosum 15. *Taraxacum retzii 6. YOUNGIA Youngia japonica 7. LAPSANA *Lapsana communis 8. LACTUCA 1. *Lactuca serriola 1a. *Lactuca serriola L. f. serriola 1b. *Lactuca serriola f. integrifolia 2. *Lactuca saligna 9. SONCHUS 1. *Sonchus oleraceus 2. *Sonchus asper 3. Sonchus hydrophilus 10. ACTITES Actites megalocarpus 11. LAUNAEA Launaea sarmentosa 12. REICHARDIA 1. *Reichardia tingitana 2. *Reichardia picroides 13. MICROSERIS 1. Microseris lanceolata 2. Microseris scapigera Doubtful names 14. HIERACIUM *Hieracium aurantiacum 15. TOLPIS 1. *Tolpis barbata 2. *Tolpis virgata 16. HEDYPNOIS *Hedypnois rhagadioloides a. *Hedypnois rhagadioloides subsp. rhagadioloides b. *Hedypnois rhagadioloides subsp. cretica 17. UROSPERMUM 1. *Urospermum picroides 2. *Urospermum dalechampii 18. HYPOCHAERIS 1. *Hypochaeris glabra 2. *Hypochaeris radicata 3. *Hypochaeris albiflora Excluded Names 19. LEONTODON *Leontodon saxatilis 20. HELMINTHOTHECA *Helminthotheca echioides 21. PICRIS 1. Picris angustifolia 1a. Picris angustifolia subsp. angustifolia 1b. Picris angustifolia subsp. carolorum-henricorum 1c. Picris angustifolia subsp. merxmuelleri 2. Picris conyzoides 3. Picris squarrosa 4. Picris compacta 5. Picris wagenitzii 6. Picris drummondii 7. Picris burbidgeae 8. Picris eichleri 9. Picris evae 10. Picris barbarorum 22. SCORZONERA *Scorzonera laciniata a. *Scorzonera laciniata var. laciniata b. *Scorzonera laciniata var. calcitrapifolia 23. TRAGOPOGON 1. *Tragopogon porrifolius 2. *Tragopogon hybridus 3. *Tragopogon dubius Trib. 2. ARCTOTIDEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ARCTOTHECA 1. *Arctotheca populifolia 2. *Arctotheca prostrata 3. *Arctotheca calendula Hybrid Arctotheca calendula × A. populifolia 2. ARCTOTIS *Arctotis stoechadifolia Excluded Name 3. CYMBONOTUS 1. Cymbonotus maidenii 2. Cymbonotus lawsonianus 3. Cymbonotus preissianus 4. GORTERIA *Gorteria personata 5. BERKHEYA *Berkheya rigida 6. GAZANIA 1. *Gazania linearis 2. *Gazania rigens Unplaced Name Trib. 3. VERNONIEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ELEPHANTOPUS 1. *Elephantopus scaber 2. *Elephantopus mollis 2. PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS *Pseudelephantopus spicatus 3. ETHULIA *Ethulia conyzoides 4. CENTRATHERUM 1. *Centratherum punctatum 2. Centratherum riparium 5. PLEUROCARPAEA 1. Pleurocarpaea denticulata 2. Pleurocarpaea fasciculata 3. Pleurocarpaea gracilis 6. CYANTHILLIUM 1. *Cyanthillium cinereum 1a. *Cyanthillium cinereum var. cinereum 1b. *Cyanthillium cinereum var. lanatum 1c. *Cyanthillium cinereum var. linifolium 1d. Cyanthillium cinereum var. pinnatifidum 2. *Cyanthillium patulum 7. TARLMOUNIA *Tarlmounia elliptica 8. VERNONIA Vernonia junghuhniana 9. DECANEUROPSIS *Decaneuropsis obovata Excluded species Subfam. 4. ASTEROIDEAE Trib. 1. SENECIONEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ABROTANELLA 1. Abrotanella forsteroides 2. Abrotanella nivigena 3. Abrotanella scapigera 2. CENTROPAPPUS Centropappus brunonis 3. BEDFORDIA 1. Bedfordia arborescens 2. Bedfordia salicina 3. Bedfordia linearis 3a. Bedfordia linearis subsp. linearis 3b. Bedfordia linearis subsp. oblongifolia 3b1. Bedfordia linearis var. oblongifolia 3b2. Bedfordia linearis var. curvifolia 4. PETASITES *Petasites fragrans 5. ROLDANA *Roldana petasitis 6. DELAIREA *Delairea odorata 7. EURYOPS 1. *Euryops abrotanifolius 2. *Euryops chrysanthemoides 8. CINERARIA *Cineraria lyratiformis 9. SENECIO KEY TO GROUPS 1. Disciform Group 1. Senecio minimus 2. Senecio diaschides 3. Senecio biserratus 4. Senecio picridioides 5. Senecio bipinnatisectus 6. Senecio distalilobatus 7. Senecio esleri 8. Senecio bathurstianus 9. Senecio hispidulus 10. Senecio hispidissimus 11. Senecio multicaulis 11a. Senecio multicaulis subsp. multicaulis 11b. Senecio multicaulis subsp. stirlingensis 12. Senecio glomeratus 12a. Senecio glomeratus subsp. glomeratus 12b. Senecio glomeratus subsp. longifructus 13. Senecio extensus 14. Senecio laceratus 15. Senecio runcinifolius 16. Senecio longicollaris 17. Senecio tasmanicus 18. Senecio campylocarpus 19. Senecio glabrescens 20. Senecio quadridentatus 21. Senecio dolichocephalus 22. Senecio queenslandicus 23. Senecio phelleus 24. #Senecio microbasis 25. Senecio scabrellus 26. Senecio tenuiflorus 27. Senecio gunnii 28. Senecio niveoplanus 29. Senecio prenanthoides 30. Senecio psilophyllus 31. Senecio lageniformis 32. Senecio nigrapicus 33. Senecio longipilus 34. Senecio oldfieldii 35. Senecio psilocarpus 36. Senecio squarrosus 37. Senecio macrocarpus 38. Senecio interpositus 39. Senecio georgianus 40. Senecio helichrysoides 2. Odoratus Group 41. Senecio anethifolius 41a. Senecio anethifolius subsp. anethifolius 41b. Senecio anethifolius subsp. brevibracteolatus 42. Senecio euclaensis 43. Senecio gawlerensis 44. Senecio lanibracteus 45. Senecio cunninghamii 45a. Senecio cunninghamii var. cunninghamii 45b. Senecio cunninghamii var. flindersensis 46. Senecio hypoleucus 47. Senecio odoratus 48. Senecio linearifolius 48a. Senecio linearifolius var. linearifolius 48b. Senecio linearifolius var. denticulatus 48c. Senecio linearifolius var. latifolius 48d. Senecio linearifolius var. intermedius 48e. Senecio linearifolius var. arachnoideus 48f. Senecio linearifolius var. macrodontus 48g. Senecio linearifolius var. dangarensis 48h. Senecio linearifolius var. gariwerdensis 48i. Senecio linearifolius var. graniticola 49. Senecio behrianus 50. Senecio garlandii 3. Ramosissimus Group 51. Senecio leucoglossus 52. Senecio gilbertii 53. Senecio ramosissimus 54. Senecio barkhausioides 4. Magnificus Group 55. Senecio platylepis 56. Senecio tuberculatus 57. Senecio murrayanus 58. Senecio gregorii 59. Senecio conferruminatus 60. Senecio gypsicola 61. Senecio megaglossus 62. Senecio magnificus 63. Senecio pilosicristus 64. Senecio velleioides 5. Macranthus Group 65. Senecio vagus 65a. Senecio vagus subsp. vagus 65b. Senecio vagus subsp. eglandulosus 66. Senecio macranthus 67. Senecio amygdalifolius 68. Senecio daltonii 69. Senecio leptocarpus 70. Senecio albogilvus 71. Senecio pectinatus 71a. Senecio pectinatus var. pectinatus 71b. Senecio pectinatus var. major 72. Senecio papillosus 73. Senecio primulaefolius 6. Glossanthus Group 74. Senecio glossanthus 75. Senecio productus 75a. Senecio productus I.Thomps. subsp. productus 75b. Senecio productus subsp. magnus 76. Senecio halophilus 77. Senecio serratiformis 77a. Senecio serratiformis subsp. serratiformis 77b. Senecio serratiformis subsp. stenophyllus 7. Lautusoid Group 78. Senecio condylus 79. Senecio spathulatus 79a. Senecio spathulatus var. spathulatus 79b. Senecio spathulatus var. latifructus 79c. Senecio spathulatus var. attenuatus 80. Senecio warrenensis 81. Senecio pinnatifolius 81a. Senecio pinnatifolius var. pinnatifolius 81b. Senecio pinnatifolius var. latilobus 81c. Senecio pinnatifolius var. serratus 81d. Senecio pinnatifolius var. lanceolatus 81e. Senecio pinnatifolius var. capillifolius 81f. Senecio pinnatifolius var. alpinus 81g. Senecio pinnatifolius var. maritimus 81h. Senecio pinnatifolius var. leucocarpus 82. Senecio spanomerus 83. Senecio brigalowensis 84. Senecio depressicola 85. Senecio eremicola 86. Senecio lacustrinus 87. Senecio hamersleyensis 88. *Senecio madagascariensis 8. The Exotic Species 89. *Senecio pterophorus 90. *Senecio jacobaea 91. *Senecio elegans 92. *Senecio glastifolius 93. *Senecio tamoides 94. *Senecio macroglossus 95. *Senecio angulatus 96. *Senecio crassiflorus 97. *Senecio vulgaris Doubtful or excluded names 10. ERECHTITES *Erechtites valerianifolius Doubtful or Excluded Names 11. ARRHENECHTHITES Arrhenechthites mixtus 12. CRASSOCEPHALUM *Crassocephalum crepidioides 13. EMILIA 1. *Emilia sonchifolia 1a. *Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. var. sonchifolia 1b. *Emilia sonchifolia var. javanica 2. *Emilia fosbergii Excluded name 14. GYNURA Gynura drymophila a. Gynura drymophila var. drymophila b. Gynura drymophila var. glabrifolia Excluded name Trib. 2. CALENDULEAE 1. CALENDULA 1. *Calendula arvensis 2. *Calendula officinalis 3. *Calendula palaestina 2. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES a. *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera b. *Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata 3. DIMORPHOTHECA 1. *Dimorphotheca pluvialis 2. *Dimorphotheca sinuata 4. MONOCULUS *Monoculus monstrosus 5. OLIGOCARPUS *Oligocarpus calendulaceus 6. OSTEOSPERMUM 1. *Osteospermum jucundum 2. *Osteospermum muricatum 3. *Osteospermum ecklonis 4. *Osteospermum fruticosum 5. *Osteospermum spinescens Trib. 3. ANTHEMIDEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. URSINIA 1. *Ursinia anthemoides 2. *Ursinia speciosa Excluded name 2. TANACETUM 1. *Tanacetum parthenium 2. *Tanacetum vulgare 3. ARTEMISIA 1. *Artemisia arborescens 2. *Artemisia verlotiorum Excluded Names 4. ACHILLEA 1. *Achillea distans 2. *Achillea millefolium 3. *Achillea tomentosa 5. LASIOSPERMUM *Lasiospermum bipinnatum 6. CHAMAEMELUM *Chamaemelum nobile 7. ANTHEMIS 1. *Anthemis arvensis 2. *Anthemis cotula 3. *Anthemis tinctoria 8. ARGYRANTHEMUM *Argyranthemum frutescens a. *Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. frutescens b. *Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. foeniculaceum 9. GLEBIONIS 1. *Glebionis coronaria 2. *Glebionis segetum 10. MAURANTHEMUM *Mauranthemum paludosum 11. LEUCANTHEMUM 1. *Leucanthemum vulgare 2. *Leucanthemum ×superbum 12. TRIPLEUROSPERMUM *Tripleurospermum maritimum 13. MATRICARIA 1. *Matricaria recutita 2. *Matricaria matricarioides 14. ERIOCEPHALUS *Eriocephalus africanus 15. ONCOSIPHON 1. *Oncosiphon suffruticosum 2. *Oncosiphon piluliferum 16. PENTZIA 1. *Pentzia incana 2. *Pentzia globosa 17. COTULA 1. Cotula vulgaris 2. Cotula cotuloides 3. Cotula australis 4. *Cotula turbinata 5. *Cotula coronopifolia 6. *Cotula bipinnata 7. Cotula alpina 18. LEPTINELLA 1. Leptinella filicula 2. Leptinella reptans 3. Leptinella drummondii 4. Leptinella longipes 19. SOLIVA 1. *Soliva sessilis 2. *Soliva valdiviana 3. *Soliva anthemifolia 4. *Soliva stolonifera Trib. 4. INULEAE KEY TO SUBTRIBES Subtrib. 1. INULINAE KEY TO GENERA 1. BLUMEA 1. Blumea pungens 2. Blumea riparia 3. Blumea milnei 4. Blumea axillaris 5. Blumea lacera 6. Blumea benthamiana 7. Blumea saxatilis 8. Blumea integrifolia 9. Blumea psammophila 10. Blumea diffusa 11. Blumea tenella Excluded names 2. DITTRICHIA 1. *Dittrichia graveolens 2. *Dittrichia viscosa 3. ASTERISCUS *Asteriscus spinosus 4. CARPESIUM *Carpesium cernuum Subtrib. 2. PLUCHEINAE KEY TO GENERA 1. CRATYSTYLIS 1. Cratystylis conocephala 2. Cratystylis microphylla 3. Cratystylis centralis 4. Cratystylis subspinescens Natural Hybrid Cratystylis conocephala × C. microphylla 2. PTEROCAULON 1. Pterocaulon ciliosum 2. Pterocaulon sphacelatum 3. Pterocaulon sphaeranthoides 4. Pterocaulon paradoxum 5. Pterocaulon intermedium 6. Pterocaulon tricholobum 7. Pterocaulon discolor 8. Pterocaulon globuliflorum 9. Pterocaulon niveum 10. Pterocaulon xenicum 11. Pterocaulon serrulatum 11a. Pterocaulon serrulatum var. serrulatum 11b. Pterocaulon serrulatum var. velutinum 12. Pterocaulon redolens 13. Pterocaulon verbascifolium 3. SPHAEROMORPHAEA 1. Sphaeromorphaea major 2. #Sphaeromorphaea australis 3. Sphaeromorphaea harrisii 4. Sphaeromorphaea ephemera 5. Sphaeromorphaea littoralis 6. Sphaeromorphaea subintegra 4. ETHULIOPSIS Ethuliopsis cunninghamii 5. PLUCHEA 1. Pluchea indica 2. Pluchea mesotes 3. Pluchea xanthina 4. Pluchea alata 5. Pluchea rubelliflora 6. Pluchea dentex 7. Pluchea macdonnellensis 8. Pluchea punctata 9. Pluchea baccharoides 10. Pluchea tetranthera 11. Pluchea dunlopii 12. Pluchea ferdinandi-muelleri 13. Pluchea longiseta 6. THESPIDIUM Thespidium basiflorum 7. COLEOCOMA Coleocoma centaurea 8. SPHAERANTHUS 1. Sphaeranthus africa 2. Sphaeranthus indicus 9. STREPTOGLOSSA 1. Streptoglossa macrocephala 2. Streptoglossa decurrens 3. Streptoglossa odora 4. Streptoglossa bubakii 5. Streptoglossa tenuiflora 6. Streptoglossa liatroides 7. Streptoglossa adscendens 8. Streptoglossa cylindriceps 10. ALLOPTERIGERON Allopterigeron filifolius Trib. 5. ARTHROISMEAE CENTIPEDA 1. Centipeda elatinoides 2. Centipeda minima 2a. Centipeda minima subsp. minima 2b. Centipeda minima subsp. macrocephala 3. Centipeda borealis 4. Centipeda nidiformis 5. Centipeda racemosa 6. Centipeda pleiocephala 7. Centipeda cunninghamii 8. Centipeda crateriformis 8a. Centipeda crateriformis subsp. crateriformis 8b. Centipeda crateriformis subsp. compacta 9. Centipeda thespidioides Trib. 6. HELENIEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. GAILLARDIA 1. *Gaillardia ×grandiflora 2. *Gaillardia pulchella 2. HELENIUM *Helenium amarum Trib. 7. COREOPSIDEAE 1. TRIONCINIA 1. Trioncinia retroflexa 2. Trioncinia patens 2. DIODONTIUM Diodontium filifolium 3. GLOSSOCARDIA 1. Glossocardia refracta 2. Glossocardia bidens 3. Glossocardia orthochaeta 4. COSMOS 1. *Cosmos bipinnatus 2. *Cosmos caudatus 3. *Cosmos sulphureus 5. COREOPSIS *Coreopsis lanceolata 6. BIDENS 1. *Bidens tripartita 2. *Bidens pilosa 2a. Bidens pilosa var. pilosa 2b. Bidens pilosa var. minor 3. *Bidens alba 4. *Bidens aurea 5. *Bidens bipinnata 6. *Bidens subalternans 6a. *Bidens subalternans DC. var. subalternans 6b. *Bidens subalternans var. simulans 6c. Bidens subalternans var. araneosa Excluded names 7. DAHLIA 1. *Dahlia imperialis 2. *Dahlia ×pinnata Colour block 2 Trib. 8. NEUROLAENEAE ENYDRA 1. Enydra woollsii 2. *Enydra fluctuans Trib. 9. TAGETEAE 1. FLAVERIA *Flaveria trinervia 2. TAGETES 1. *Tagetes minuta 2. *Tagetes erecta 3. THYMOPHYLLA *Thymophylla tenuiloba Trib. 10. BAHIEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. SCHKUHRIA *Schkuhria pinnata 2. FLORESTINA *Florestina tripteris Trib. 11. HELIANTHEAE KEY TO SUBTRIBES OF HELIANTHEAE IN AUSTRALIA Subtrib. 1. ECLIPTINAE KEY TO GENERA 1. SYNEDRELLA *Synedrella nodiflora 2. SYNEDRELLOPSIS *Synedrellopsis grisebachii 3. BLAINVILLEA 1. *Blainvillea gayana 2. Blainvillea calcicola 3. Blainvillea cunninghamii 4. Blainvillea acmella 4. CALYPTOCARPUS *Calyptocarpus vialis 5. ELEUTHERANTHERA *Eleutheranthera ruderalis 6. PENTALEPIS 1. Pentalepis trichodesmoides 1a. Pentalepis trichodesmoides subsp. trichodesmoides 1b. Pentalepis trichodesmoides subsp. hispida 1c. Pentalepis trichodesmoides subsp. incana 2. Pentalepis grandis 3. Pentalepis ecliptoides 3a. Pentalepis ecliptoides subsp. ecliptoides 3b. Pentalepis ecliptoides subsp. hirsuta 3c. Pentalepis ecliptoides subsp. cucullata 4. Pentalepis linearifolia 4a. Pentalepis linearifolia subsp. linearifolia 4b. Pentalepis linearifolia subsp. nudibranchoides 5. Pentalepis kakaduensis 6. Pentalepis walcottii 7. ECLIPTA 1. Eclipta alatocarpa 2. Eclipta platyglossa 2a. Eclipta platyglossa subsp. platyglossa 2b. Eclipta platyglossa subsp. borealis 3. *Eclipta prostrata 8. SPHAGNETICOLA *Sphagneticola trilobata 9. WOLLASTONIA 1. Wollastonia biflora 2. Wollastonia uniflora 10. APOWOLLASTONIA 1. Apowollastonia spilanthoides 2. Apowollastonia longipes 3. Apowollastonia verbesinoides 4. Apowollastonia hibernica 5. Apowollastonia stirlingii 5a. Apowollastonia stirlingii subsp. stirlingii 5b. Apowollastonia stirlingii subsp. fontaliciana 6. Apowollastonia hamersleyensis 7. Apowollastonia cylindrica 11. ACUNNIANA Acunniana procumbens 12. PASCALIA *Pascalia glauca Subtrib. 2. MONTANOINAE MONTANOA 1. *Montanoa bipinnatifida 2. *Montanoa hibiscifolia Subtrib. 3. VERBESININAE VERBESINA *Verbesina encelioides Subtrib. 4. SPILANTHINAE 1. ACMELLA 1. Acmella grandiflora 1a. Acmella grandiflora var. brachyglossa 1b. Acmella grandiflora var. discoidea 2. *Acmella uliginosa 2. SPILANTHES *Spilanthes anactina Subtrib. 5. ZINNIINAE ZINNIA 1. *Zinnia peruviana 2. *Zinnia elegans 3. *Zinnia angustifolia Subtrib. 6. HELIANTHINAE 1. TITHONIA 1. *Tithonia diversifolia 2. *Tithonia rotundifolia 2. HELIANTHUS 1. *Helianthus annuus 2. *Helianthus tuberosus 3. *Helianthus ciliaris 4. *Helianthus argophyllus 5. *Helianthus debilis Subtrib. 7. AMBROSIINAE KEY TO GENERA 1. AMBROSIA 1. *Ambrosia artemisiifolia 2. *Ambrosia confertiflora 3. *Ambrosia psilostachya 4. *Ambrosia tenuifolia 2. IVA *Iva axillaris 3. PARTHENIUM *Parthenium hysterophorus 4. XANTHIUM 1. *Xanthium spinosum 2. *Xanthium ambrosioides 3. *Xanthium canescens 4. *Xanthium catharticum 5. *Xanthium occidentale 6. *Xanthium cavanillesii 7. *Xanthium orientale 8. *Xanthium italicum Trib. 12. MILLERIEAE KEY TO SUBTRIBES AND GENERA Subtrib. 1. DYSCRITOTHAMNINAE 1. TRIDAX *Tridax procumbens Subtrib. 2. GALINSOGINAE 2. GALINSOGA *Galinsoga parviflora Subtrib. 3. MELAMPODIINAE 3. ACANTHOSPERMUM 1. *Acanthospermum australe 2. *Acanthospermum hispidum Subtrib. 4. MILLERIINAE 4. GUIZOTIA *Guizotia abyssinica Trib. 13. MADIEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. CENTROMADIA *Centromadia pungens 2. MADIA *Madia sativa Trib. 14. EUPATORIEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. AGERATINA 1. *Ageratina adenophora 2. *Ageratina riparia 3. *Ageratina ligustrina 2. STEVIA *Stevia eupatoria 3. MIKANIA *Mikania micrantha 4. AGERATUM 1. *Ageratum conyzoides 2. *Ageratum houstonianum 5. CHROMOLAENA 1. *Chromolaena odorata 2. *Chromolaena squalida 6. PRAXELIS *Praxelis clematidea 7. EUPATORIUM 1. *Eupatorium serotinum 2. *Eupatorium lindleyanum 8. ADENOSTEMMA 1. Adenostemma lavenia 1a. Adenostemma lavenia var. lavenia 1b. Adenostemma lavenia var. lanceolatum 2. Adenostemma macrophyllum 9. GYMNOCORONIS *Gymnocoronis spilanthoides APPENDIX New taxa, combinations and lectotypifications TARAXACUM Taraxacum cygnorum MICROSERIS Microseris scapigera CYANTHILLIUM Cyanthillium cinereum var. lanatum Cyanthillium cinereum var. pinnatifidum BLUMEA Blumea milnei Blumea benthamiana Blumea psammophila Blumea diffusa PTERIGERON BIDENS Bidens subalternans var. araneosa BLAINVILLEA SPILANTHES Spilanthes anactina SIGESBECKIA Sigesbeckia australiensis subsp. fugax SUPPLEMENTARY GLOSSARY Abbreviations and Contractions Literature Herbaria States, Territories General abbreviations Symbols Publication date of previous volumes INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back endpaper Back cover Volume 37 of the Flora of Australia is the first of three volumes covering the family Asteraceae. This volume presents an introduction to the family in Australia, including a synoptic classification and keys, and treatments of all the tribes represented in Australia, with the exception of the large tribes Gnaphalieae and Astereae, which will each be the subject of a future volume of the Flora.Nineteen tribes, 233 genera and 518 species are treated in this volume, of which the majority are introduced (only 47 genera include native species).Asteraceae is the largest family of flowering plants, with over 1 600 genera and 24 000 species found on all continents except Antarctica, and also one of the largest families in Australia, with an estimated 290 genera and 1 430 species. The family is found throughout Australia, in all habitats, although scarce in rainforest.Twenty seven authors, illustrators and photographers have contributed to this volume. Volume 37 of the is the first of three volumes covering the family. This volume presents an introduction to the family in Australia, including a synoptic classification and keys, and treatments of all the tribes represented in Australia, with the exception of the large tribes and , which will each be the subject of a future volume of the Flora. Nineteen tribes, 233 genera and 518 species are treated in this volume, of which the majority are introduced (only 47 genera include native species).__Asteraceae__Twenty-seven authors, illustrators and photographers have contributed to this volume. Volume 37 of the Flora of Australia is the first of three volumes covering the family Asteraceae. It volume presents an introduction to the family in Australia, including a synoptic classification and keys, and treatments of all the tribes represented in Australia, with the exception of the large tribes Gnaphalieae and Astereae, which will each be the subject of a future volume.