Flora of Australia Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups Volume 48 48

Volume 48 of the Flora of Australia contains those plants colloquially known as the ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. For the first time in 120 years a book is available which treats all of the Australian species in these groups in a uniform, authoritative and comprehensive fashion, and provides identification keys and copious illustrations to make their study and appreciation accessible and enjoyable to all. The volume describes a total of six Divisions, 42 families, 134 genera and 582 species, and represents contributions from 20 authors, 17 illustrators and 7 photographers. The fern allies are represented by 44 native species of psilophytes and lycophytes. True ferns are found almost throughout the country, but are most numerous in wetter, tropical and subtropical areas. Australia has a native flora of 30 families, 103 genera and 390 species of ferns, with another 10 species being naturalised. Only about 40% of the Australian species are endemic. Native pines are distributed through 3 families, 14 genera and 43 species, of which 39 species are endemic. Most are species of wetter mountainous areas, with the exception of Callitris (17 endemic species), found mainly in drier open woodlands. Australian cycads number 69 species, all endemic, in 4 genera and 3 families. They are confined mainly to the forests of eastern and northern Australia, with a few in south-western Western Australia and central Australia. This volume covers 6 Divisions, 42 families, 134 genera and 582 species. 26 new taxa are described, including a new genus in Dryopteridaceae — Revwattsia D.L.Jones, as well as many new combinations and lectotypifications. Cover Front endpaper Frontispiece Title page CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 48 ILLUSTRATORS PHOTOGRAPHERS FLORA EDITORIAL COMMITTEE COMMITTEE MEMBERS EXECUTIVE OFFICERS INTRODUCTION Scope and Presentation of the Flora Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION TO THE FERNS AND FERN ALLIES History Morphology Stems Roots Stipe Rachis Lamina Sori Sporangia Spores Gametophyte Vegetative reproduction Cytology Polyploidy in homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes Biogeography Ecology Tropical mesic environment Rainforest floor Rainforest streambanks and mid-mountain forests Rainforest low-epiphytes Rainforest low-climbers Mossy forests Rocks and cliffs in rainforest Tropical xeric-epiphytic environment Rainforest high-epiphytes Rainforest high-climbers Epiphytes of coastal areas Epiphytes of semi-open lowland forests Tropical xeric-terrestrial environment Temperate environment DNA Research References CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY The Age of Enlightenment The Era of Consolidation New Approaches Classification used in this Volume References THE FOSSIL RECORD OF FERNS AND FERN ALLIES IN AUSTRALIA Introduction Fern Allies Isoetes Selaginella Tmesipteris Ferns Blechnaceae Cyatheaceae Dicksoniaceae Culcitaceae Gleicheniaceae Hymenophyllaceae Osmundaceae Azollaceae Schizaeaceae Lygodiaceae Discussion References KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FERNS AND FERN ALLIES IN AUSTRALIA PSILOTOPHYTA PSILOTACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. PSILOTUM 1. Psilotum complanatum 2. Psilotum nudum 2. TMESIPTERIS 1. Tmesipteris obliqua 2. Tmesipteris truncata 3. Tmesipteris elongata 4. Tmesipteris ovata 5. Tmesipteris parva 6. Tmesipteris lanceolata LYCOPODIOPHYTA ISOETACEAE ISOETES 1. Isoetes gunnii 2. Isoetes inflata 3. Isoetes australis 4. Isoetes coromandelina 5. Isoetes cristata 6. Isoetes humilior 7. Isoetes muelleri 8. Isoetes pusilla 9. Isoetes brevicula 10. Isoetes caroli 11. Isoetes mongerensis 12. Isoetes tripus 13. Isoetes attenuata 14. Isoetes drummondii 14a. Isoetes drummondii subsp. drummondii 14b. Isoetes drummondii subsp. anomala 15. Isoetes elatior LYCOPODIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. LYCOPODIUM Sect. 1. Diphasium 1. Lycopodium scariosum Sect. 2. Magellanica 2. Lycopodium fastigiatum Sect. 3. Pseudodiphasium 3. Lycopodium volubile Sect. 4. Pseudolycopodium 4. Lycopodium deuterodensum Doubtful and excluded names 2. LYCOPODIELLA Sect. 1. Caroliniana 1. Lycopodiella serpentina 2. Lycopodiella limosa Sect. 2. Campylostachys 3. Lycopodiella cernua Sect. 3. Lateristachys 4. Lycopodiella diffusa 5. Lycopodiella lateralis 3. HUPERZIA 1. Huperzia australiana 2. Huperzia serrata 3. Huperzia carinata 4. Huperzia lockyeri 5. Huperzia dalhousieana 6. Huperzia varia 7. Huperzia prolifera 8. Huperzia filiformis 9. Huperzia phlegmaria 10. Huperzia phlegmarioides 11. Huperzia marsupiiformis 12. Huperzia squarrosa 4. PHYLLOGLOSSUM Phylloglossum drummondii SELAGINELLACEAE SELAGINELLA KEY TO SUBGENERA KEY TO SPECIES Subg. 1. Ericetorum 1. Selaginella gracillima 2. Selaginella uliginosa 3. Selaginella pygmaea 4. Selaginella sp. A Subg. 2. Stachygynandrum 5. Selaginella australiensis 6. Selaginella longipinna 7. *Selaginella kraussiana 8. Selaginella brisbanensis 9. Selaginella andrewsii Subg. 3. Heterostachys 10. Selaginella ciliaris 11. Selaginella longiciliata EQUISETOPHYTA EQUISETACEAE EQUISETUM *Equisetum arvense POLYPODIOPHYTA OPHIOGLOSSACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. BOTRYCHIUM 1. Botrychium australe 2. Botrychium lunaria 2. HELMINTHOSTACHYS Helminthostachys zeylanica 3. OPHIOGLOSSUM Subg. 1. Ophioderma 1. Ophioglossum pendulum 2. Ophioglossum intermedium Subg. 2. Ophioglossum 3. Ophioglossum costatum 4. Ophioglossum reticulatum 5. Ophioglossum polyphyllum 6. Ophioglossum lusitanicum 7. Ophioglossum gramineum MARATTIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ANGIOPTERIS Angiopteris evecta 2. MARATTIA Marattia oreades Doubtful record OSMUNDACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. TODEA Todea barbara 2. LEPTOPTERIS Leptopteris fraseri HYMENOPHYLLACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. TRICHOMANES 1. Trichomanes bimarginatum 2. Trichomanes mindorense 3. Trichomanes motleyi 4. Trichomanes tahitense 5. Trichomanes exiguum 2. SPHAEROCIONIUM 1. Sphaerocionium applanatum 2. Sphaerocionium lyallii 3. HYMENOPHYLLUM 1. Hymenophyllum cupressiforme 2. Hymenophyllum gracilescens 3. Hymenophyllum peltatum 4. Hymenophyllum pumilum 5. Hymenophyllum bivalve 6. Hymenophyllum kerianum 7. Hymenophyllum lobbii 8. Hymenophyllum subdimidiatum 9. Hymenophyllum baileyanum 10. Hymenophyllum australe 11. Hymenophyllum rarum 12. Hymenophyllum polyanthon 13. Hymenophyllum samoense 14. Hymenophyllum javanicum 15. Hymenophyllum eboracense 16. Hymenophyllum whitei 17. Hymenophyllum walleri 18. Hymenophyllum flabellatum 19. Hymenophyllum marginatum Excluded names 4. CREPIDOMANES 1. Crepidomanes barnardianum 2. Crepidomanes bipunctatum 3. Crepidomanes kurzii 4. Crepidomanes majoriae 5. Crepidomanes walleri 6. Crepidomanes venosum 7. Crepidomanes aphlebioides 8. Crepidomanes johnstonense 9. Crepidomanes proliferum 10. Crepidomanes saxifragoides 11. Crepidomanes endlicherianum 12. Crepidomanes humile 13. Crepidomanes digitatum 14. Crepidomanes vitiense 15. Crepidomanes pallidum 5. CEPHALOMANES 1. Cephalomanes atrovirens 2. Cephalomanes caudatum 3. Cephalomanes brassii 4. Cephalomanes obscurum GLEICHENIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. GLEICHENIA 1. Gleichenia microphylla 2. Gleichenia mendellii 3. Gleichenia rupestris 4. Gleichenia dicarpa 5. Gleichenia alpina 6. Gleichenia abscida 2. DIPLOPTERYGIUM Diplopterygium longissimum 3. STICHERUS 1. Sticherus flabellatus 1a. Sticherus flabellatus var. flabellatus 1b. Sticherus flabellatus var. compactus 2. Sticherus lobatus 3. Sticherus urceolatus 4. Sticherus tener 5. Sticherus milnei Excluded name 4. DICRANOPTERIS Dicranopteris linearis a. Dicranopteris linearis var. linearis b. Dicranopteris linearis var. subferruginea c. Dicranopteris linearis var. altissima PLATYZOMATACEAE PLATYZOMA Platyzoma microphyllum DIPTERIDACEAE DIPTERIS Dipteris conjugata MARSILEACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. MARSILEA 1. Marsilea mutica 2. Marsilea drummondii 3. Marsilea latzii 4. Marsilea costulifera 5. Marsilea angustifolia 6. Marsilea crenata 7. Marsilea hirsuta 8. Marsilea exarata 2. PILULARIA Pilularia novae-hollandiae SALVINIACEAE SALVINIA *Salvinia molesta AZOLLACEAE AZOLLA 1. Azolla filiculoides 2. Azolla pinnata SCHIZAEACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ACTINOSTACHYS 1. Actinostachys digitata 2. Actinostachys wagneri 2. SCHIZAEA 1. Schizaea dichotoma 2. Schizaea bifida 3. Schizaea rupestris 4. Schizaea fistulosa 5. Schizaea malaccana LYGODIACEAE LYGODIUM 1. Lygodium reticulatum 2. Lygodium microphyllum 3. Lygodium flexuosum 4. *Lygodium japonicum DICKSONIACEAE DICKSONIA 1. Dicksonia antarctica 2. Dicksonia youngiae 3. Dicksonia herbertii CULCITACEAE CALOCHLAENA 1. Calochlaena dubia 2. Calochlaena villosa CYATHEACEAE CYATHEA Subg. 1. Cyathea 1. Cyathea robertsiana 2. Cyathea woollsiana 3. Cyathea exilis 4. Cyathea australis 5. Cyathea cunninghamii 6. Cyathea × marcescens 7. Cyathea rebeccae 8. Cyathea baileyana Subg. 2. Sphaeropteris 9. Cyathea felina 10. Cyathea cooperi 11. Cyathea celebica 12. Cyathea leichhardtiana Excluded species DENNSTAEDTIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. DENNSTAEDTIA Dennstaedtia davallioides 2. MICROLEPIA Microlepia speluncae 3. HYPOLEPIS 1. Hypolepis distans 2. Hypolepis amaurorachis 3. Hypolepis rugosula 4. Hypolepis muelleri 5. Hypolepis glandulifera 6. Hypolepis elegans 7. Hypolepis tenuifolia 8. *Hypolepis dicksonioides 4. PTERIDIUM 1. Pteridium esculentum hpg2. Pteridium revolutum 3. *Pteridium aquilinum Hybrid 5. HISTIOPTERIS Histiopteris incisa LINDSAEACEAE LINDSAEA 1. Lindsaea pulchella 2. Lindsaea repens 2a. Lindsaea repens var. sessilis 2b. Lindsaea repens var. marquesensis 2c. Lindsaea repens var. lingulata 3. Lindsaea linearis 4. Lindsaea walkerae 5. Lindsaea fraseri 6. Lindsaea dimorpha 7. Lindsaea brachypoda 8. Lindsaea orbiculata 9. Lindsaea terrae-reginae 10. Lindsaea obtusa 11. Lindsaea ensifolia 11a. Lindsaea subsp. ensifolia 11b. Lindsaea ensifolia subsp. agatii 12. Lindsaea incisa 13. Lindsaea trichomanoides 14. Lindsaea microphylla 15. Lindsaea media PTERIDACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ACROSTICHUM 1. Acrostichum aureum 2. Acrostichum speciosum 2. PTERIS 1. Pteris orientalis 2. Pteris vittata 3. Pteris tripartita 4. Pteris pacifica 5. *Pteris cretica 6. *Pteris semipinnata 7. #Pteris ensiformis 8. Pteris umbrosa 9. Pteris tremula 10. Pteris comans ADIANTACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ANOGRAMMA Anogramma leptophylla 2. TAENITIS 1. Taenitis blechnoides 2. Taenitis pinnata 3. ADIANTUM 1. Adiantum philippense 2. Adiantum capillus-veneris 3. Adiantum aethiopicum 4. Adiantum atroviride 5. Adiantum diaphanum 6. Adiantum formosum 7. Adiantum hispidulum 7a. Adiantum hispidulum var. hispidulum 7b. Adiantum hispidulum var. whitei 7c. Adiantum hispidulum var. hypoglaucum 7d. Adiantum hispidulum var. minus 8. Adiantum silvaticum 4. PITYROGRAMMA Pityrogramma calomelanos a. *Pityrogramma calomelanos var. calomelanos b. *Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana 5. PARACETERACH 1. Paraceterach muelleri 2. Paraceterach reynoldsii 6. PELLAEA 1. Pellaea falcata 2. Pellaea nana 3. Pellaea paradoxa 4. Pellaea calidirupium 5. *Pellaea viridis 7. DORYOPTERIS 1. Doryopteris concolor 2. Doryopteris ludens 8. CHEILANTHES 1. Cheilanthes sieberi 1a. Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi 1b. Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. pseudovellea 2. Cheilanthes adiantoides 3. Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia 4. Cheilanthes tenuifolia 5. Cheilanthes contigua 6. Cheilanthes fragillima 7. Cheilanthes caudata 8. Cheilanthes nitida 9. Cheilanthes praetermissa 10. Cheilanthes pumilio 11. Cheilanthes prenticei 12. Cheilanthes nudiuscula 13. Cheilanthes brownii 14. Cheilanthes lasiophylla 15. Cheilanthes distans PARKERIACEAE CERATOPTERIS Ceratopteris thalictroides VITTARIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ANTROPHYUM 1. Antrophyum callifolium 2. Antrophyum plantagineum 3. Antrophyum jagoanum 4. Antrophyum subfalcatum 5. Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum 2. VITTARIA 1. Vittaria elongata 2. Vittaria ensiformis 3. MONOGRAMMA 1. Monogramma dareicarpa 2. Monogramma acrocarpa ASPLENIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ASPLENIUM 1. Asplenium trichomanes 2. Asplenium flabellifolium 3. Asplenium simplicifrons 4. Asplenium australasicum 5. Asplenium harmanii 6. Asplenium nidus 7. Asplenium obtusatum 8. Asplenium difforme 9. Asplenium flaccidum 10. Asplenium appendiculatum 11. Asplenium bulbiferum 12. Asplenium hookerianum 13. Asplenium baileyanum 14. Asplenium athertonense 15. Asplenium attenuatum 15a. Asplenium attenuatum var. attenuatum 15b. Asplenium attenuatum var. indivisum 16. Asplenium paleaceum 17. Asplenium bicentenniale 18. Asplenium carnarvonense 19. Asplenium capitisyork 20. Asplenium polyodon 21. Asplenium pellucidum 22. Asplenium cuneatum 23. Asplenium laserpitiifolium 24. Asplenium aethiopicum 25. Asplenium wildii 26. Asplenium excisum 27. Asplenium unilaterale 28. Asplenium normale 29. Asplenium tenerum 30. Asplenium parvum Hybrids Excluded names Doubtful name Doubtful records 2. PLEUROSORUS 1. Pleurosorus rutifolius 2. Pleurosorus subglandulosus THELYPTERIDACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. MACROTHELYPTERIS 1. Macrothelypteris polypodioides 2. Macrothelypteris torresiana 2. AMPELOPTERIS Ampelopteris prolifera 3. PRONEPHRIUM 1. Pronephrium asperum 2. Pronephrium triphyllum 4. THELYPTERIS Thelypteris confluens 5. CYCLOSORUS Cyclosorus interruptus 6. PLESIONEURON Plesioneuron tuberculatum 7. CHINGIA Chingia australis 8. CHRISTELLA 1. Christella parasitica 2. Christella arida 3. Christella hispidula 4. Christella dentata 5. Christella subpubescens 9. AMPHINEURON 1. Amphineuron immersum 2. Amphineuron terminans 3. Amphineuron queenslandicum 4. Amphineuron opulentum 10. SPHAEROSTEPHANOS 1. Sphaerostephanos unitus 2. Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus Excluded name 11. PNEUMATOPTERIS 1. Pneumatopteris sogerensis 2. Pneumatopteris pennigera 3. Pneumatopteris costata BLECHNACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. PTERIDOBLECHNUM 1. Pteridoblechnum neglectum 2. Pteridoblechnum acuminatum 2. STENOCHLAENA Stenochlaena palustris 3. BLECHNUM 1. Blechnum ambiguum 2. Blechnum articulatum 3. Blechnum camfieldii 4. Blechnum cartilagineum 5. Blechnum chambersii 6. Blechnum fluviatile 7. Blechnum gregsonii 8. Blechnum indicum 9. Blechnum minus 10. Blechnum nudum 11. *Blechnum occidentale 12. Blechnum orientale 13. Blechnum patersonii 13a. Blechnum patersonii subsp. patersonii 13b. Blechnum patersonii subsp. queenslandicum 14. Blechnum penna-marina 15. Blechnum vulcanicum 16. Blechnum wattsii 17. Blechnum whelanii 18. Blechnum wurunuran Excluded name 4. DOODIA 1. Doodia maxima 2. Doodia aspera 3. Doodia heterophylla 4. Doodia media 5. Doodia australis 6. Doodia linearis 7. Doodia caudata 8. Doodia dissecta DRYOPTERIDACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. TECTARIA 1. Tectaria devexa 2. Tectaria confluens 3. Tectaria brachiata 4. Tectaria siifolia 2. CYRTOMIUM *Cyrtomium falcatum 3. COVENIELLA Coveniella poecilophlebia 4. REVWATTSIA Revwattsia fragile 5. RUMOHRA Rumohra adiantiformis 6. POLYSTICHUM 1. Polystichum proliferum 2. Polystichum australiense 3. Polystichum fallax 4. Polystichum formosum 7. LASTREOPSIS 1. Lastreopsis hispida 2. Lastreopsis acuminata 3. Lastreopsis smithiana 4. Lastreopsis windsorensis 5. Lastreopsis tinarooensis 6. Lastreopsis grayi 7. Lastreopsis marginans 8. Lastreopsis tenera 9. Lastreopsis microsora 10. Lastreopsis decomposita 11. Lastreopsis walleri 12. Lastreopsis silvestris 13. Lastreopsis wurunuran 14. Lastreopsis munita 15. Lastreopsis rufescens 8. DRYOPTERIS 1. Dryopteris sparsa 2. Dryopteris hasseltii 9. ARACHNIODES Arachniodes aristata ATHYRIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. CYSTOPTERIS Cystopteris tasmanica 2. DEPARIA Deparia petersenii 3. CALLIPTERIS Callipteris prolifera 4. DIPLAZIUM 1. Diplazium cordifolium 2. Diplazium dietrichianum 3. *Diplazium esculentum 4. Diplazium pallidum 5. Diplazium dameriae 6. Diplazium dilatatum 7. Diplazium assimile 8. Diplazium australe 9. Diplazium queenslandicum 10. Diplazium bostockii LOMARIOPSIDACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ELAPHOGLOSSUM 1. Elaphoglossum callifolium 2. Elaphoglossum queenslandicum 2. BOLBITIS 1. Bolbitis quoyana 2. Bolbitis taylorii 3. LOMARIOPSIS Lomariopsis kingii 4. TERATOPHYLLUM Teratophyllum brightiae DAVALLIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. DAVALLIA 1. Davallia denticulata 2. Davallia solida 2a. Davallia solida var. solida 2b. Davallia solida var. pyxidata 3. Davallia repens 4. Davallia pectinata 2. NEPHROLEPIS 1. Nephrolepis acutifolia 2. #Nephrolepis cordifolia 3. Nephrolepis arida 4. Nephrolepis hirsutula 5. Nephrolepis obliterata 6. Nephrolepis biserrata 3. OLEANDRA Oleandra neriiformis 4. ARTHROPTERIS 1. Arthropteris beckleri 2. Arthropteris palisotii 3. Arthropteris submarginalis 4. Arthropteris tenella GRAMMITIDACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. GRAMMITIS 1. Grammitis leonardii 2. Grammitis albosetosa 3. Grammitis reinwardtii 4. Grammitis queenslandica 5. Grammitis wurunuran 6. Grammitis billardierei 7. Grammitis pseudociliata 8. Grammitis magellanica 9. Grammitis poeppigiana 10. Grammitis garrettii 11. Grammitis gunnii 12. Grammitis stenophylla 2. CTENOPTERIS 1. Ctenopteris blechnoides 2. Ctenopteris gordonii 3. Ctenopteris heterophylla 4. Ctenopteris walleri 3. PROSAPTIA 1. Prosaptia fuscopilosa 2. Prosaptia maidenii 3. Prosaptia contigua 4. SCLEROGLOSSUM Scleroglossum wooroonooran 5. CALYMMODON Calymmodon luerssenianus POLYPODIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. BELVISIA Belvisia mucronata Excluded name 2. COLYSIS 1. Colysis ampla 2. Colysis sayeri 3. CRYPSINUS Crypsinus simplicissimus 4. DICTYMIA Dictymia brownii 5. DRYNARIA 1. Drynaria rigidula 2. Drynaria sparsisora 3. Drynaria × dumicola 4. Drynaria quercifolia 6. LEMMAPHYLLUM Lemmaphyllum accedens 7. MICROSORUM 1. Microsorum punctatum 2. Microsorum australiense 3. Microsorum maximum 4. Microsorum scolopendria 5. Microsorum grossum 6. Microsorum membranifolium 7. Microsorum scandens 8. Microsorum pustulatum 8. LECANOPTERIS Lecanopteris sinuosa 9. PLATYCERIUM 1. Platycerium superbum 2. Platycerium veitchii 3. Platycerium hillii 4. Platycerium bifurcatum 10. PYRROSIA 1. Pyrrosia longifolia 2. Pyrrosia rupestris 3. Pyrrosia lanceolata 4. Pyrrosia confluens 4a. Pyrrosia confluens var. confluens 4b. Pyrrosia confluens var. dielsii 11. GONIOPHLEBIUM 1. Goniophlebium percussum 2. Goniophlebium subauriculatum INCERTAE SEDIS 'GYMNOSPERMS' — THE PARAPHYLETIC STEM OF SEED PLANTS Introduction From Linnaeus to 1900 The Early Twentieth Century The Late Twentieth Century Origins of the 'Gymnosperms' DIVISION PINOPHYTA — THE CONIFERS Relationships Morphology and Anatomy Reproductive Biology Distribution and Ecology Cupressaceae Podocarpaceae Araucariaceae DIVISION CYCADOPHYTA — THE CYCADS Relationships Morphology and Anatomy Reproductive Biology Dispersal Distribution and Ecology Cycadaceae Zamiaceae Stangeriaceae References THE FOSSIL RECORD OF CONIFERS IN AUSTRALIA Introduction Early History of the Living Australian Conifer Families Araucariaceae Macrofossils in Australia Cupressaceae Macrofossils in Australia Podocarpaceae Macrofossils in Australia Production of multiveined leaves Extreme development of univeined leaves Twisting of the petiole Bilateral flattening of leaves Replacement of leaves by flattened phylloclades References THE FOSSIL RECORD OF CYCADS IN AUSTRALIA Introduction Bowenia Lepidozamia Macrozamia Pterostoma Discussion References PINOPHYTA KEY TO FAMILIES BASED ON FEMALE SPECIMENS KEY TO FAMILIES BASED ON MALE SPECIMENS KEY TO FAMILIES BASED ON VEGETATIVE SPECIMENS PODOCARPACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. PRUMNOPITYS Prumnopitys ladei 2. SUNDACARPUS Sundacarpus amara 3. AFROCARPUS *Afrocarpus falcata 4. PODOCARPUS Subg. 1. Podocarpus 1. Podocarpus lawrencei 2. Podocarpus smithii Subg. 2. Foliolatus 3. Podocarpus grayi 4. Podocarpus dispermus 5. Podocarpus elatus 6. Podocarpus spinulosus 7. Podocarpus drouynianus 5. MICROCACHRYS Microcachrys tetragona 6. PHYLLOCLADUS Phyllocladus aspleniifolius 7. LAGAROSTROBOS Lagarostrobos franklinii 8. MICROSTROBOS 1. Microstrobos niphophilus 2. Microstrobos fitzgeraldii ARAUCARIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. AGATHIS 1. Agathis robusta 2. Agathis atropurpurea 3. Agathis microstachya Excluded names 2. WOLLEMIA Wollemia nobilis 3. ARAUCARIA 1. Araucaria cunninghamii 2. Araucaria bidwillii CUPRESSACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. ATHROTAXIS 1. Athrotaxis selaginoides 2. Athrotaxis cupressoides Excluded names 2. CUPRESSUS *Cupressus macrocarpa 3. DISELMA Diselma archeri 4. ACTINOSTROBUS 1. Actinostrobus pyramidalis 2. Actinostrobus arenarius 3. Actinostrobus acuminatus 5. CALLITRIS 1. Callitris intratropica 2. Callitris columellaris 3. Callitris glaucophylla 4. Callitris verrucosa 5. Callitris tuberculata 6. Callitris preissii 7. Callitris gracilis 7a. Callitris gracilis subsp. gracilis 7b. Callitris gracilis subsp. murrayensis 8. Callitris canescens 9. Callitris roei 10. Callitris drummondii 11. Callitris baileyi 12. Callitris macleayana 13. Callitris muelleri 14. Callitris oblonga 14a. Callitris oblonga subsp. oblonga 14b. Callitris oblonga subsp. corangensis 14c. Callitris oblonga subsp. parva 15. Callitris monticola 16. Callitris rhomboidea 17. Callitris endlicheri Excluded, misapplied and uncertain names PINACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. PINUS 1. *Pinus brutia 2. *Pinus canariensis 3. *Pinus contorta 4. *Pinus elliottii 5. *Pinus halepensis 6. *Pinus nigra 7. *Pinus pinaster 8. *Pinus pinea 9. *Pinus ponderosa 10. *Pinus radiata 11. *Pinus taeda 2. PICEA *Picea abies CYCADOPHYTA CYCADALES KEY TO FAMILIES CYCADACEAE CYCAS Ser. 1. Endemicosae 1. Cycas silvestris 2. Cycas media 2a. Cycas media subsp. media 2b. Cycas media subsp. ensata 2c. Cycas media subsp. banksii 3. Cycas megacarpa Ser. 2. Yorkianosae 4. Cycas yorkiana 5. Cycas badensis 6. Cycas tuckeri 7. Cycas semota Ser. 3. Cairnsianosae 8. Cycas ophiolitica 9. Cycas platyphylla 10. Cycas cairnsiana 11. Cycas couttsiana 12. Cycas desolata 13. Cycas brunnea 14. Cycas angulata Ser. 5. Armstrongiosae 15. Cycas xipholepis 16. Cycas orientis 17. Cycas conferta 18. Cycas armstrongii 19. Cycas canalis 19a. Cycas canalis subsp. canalis 19b. Cycas canalis subsp. carinata 20. Cycas lane-poolei Ser. 6. Calcicolosae 21. Cycas arnhemica 21a. Cycas arnhemica subsp. arnhemica 21b. Cycas arnhemica subsp. muninga 21c. Cycas arnhemica subsp. natja 22. Cycas maconochiei 22a. Cycas maconochiei subsp. maconochiei 22b. Cycas maconochiei subsp. lanata 22c. Cycas maconochiei subsp. viridis 23. Cycas arenicola 24. Cycas calcicola Ser. 7. Furfuraceosae 25. Cycas furfuracea 26. Cycas basaltica 27. Cycas pruinosa Excluded species STANGERIACEAE BOWENIA 1. Bowenia spectabilis 2. Bowenia serrulata ZAMIACEAE KEY TO GENERA 1. LEPIDOZAMIA 1. Lepidozamia hopei 2. Lepidozamia peroffskyana 2. MACROZAMIA KEY TO SECTIONS Sect. 1. Macrozamia 1. Macrozamia moorei 2. Macrozamia johnsonii 3. Macrozamia fraseri 4. Macrozamia dyeri 5. Macrozamia riedlei 6. Macrozamia macdonnellii 7. Macrozamia miquelii 8. Macrozamia cardiacensis 9. Macrozamia douglasii 10. Macrozamia mountperriensis 11. Macrozamia longispina 12. Macrozamia communis 13. Macrozamia montana 14. Macrozamia reducta 15. Macrozamia diplomera Sect. 2. Parazamia 16. Macrozamia lucida 17. Macrozamia platyrhachis 18. Macrozamia lomandroides 19. Macrozamia fawcettii 20. Macrozamia viridis 21. Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi 22. Macrozamia parcifolia 23. Macrozamia crassifolia 24. Macrozamia fearnsidei 25. Macrozamia conferta 26. Macrozamia concinna 27. Macrozamia flexuosa 28. Macrozamia plurinervia 29. Macrozamia occidua 30. Macrozamia cranei 31. Macrozamia spiralis 32. Macrozamia elegans 33. Macrozamia secunda 34. Macrozamia heteromera 35. Macrozamia polymorpha 36. Macrozamia glaucophylla 37. Macrozamia humilis 38. Macrozamia stenomera Excluded and doubtful species MAPS APPENDIX PSILOTACEAE ISOETACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE SELAGINELLACEAE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE HYMENOPHYLLACEAE GLEICHENIACEAE MARSILEACEAE ADIANTACEAE VITTARIACEAE ASPLENIACEAE BLECHNACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE ATHYRIACEAE DAVALLIACEAE GRAMMITIDACEAE POLYPODIACEAE CUPRESSACEAE ZAMIACEAE GLOSSARY Abbreviations and Contractions Publication date of previous volumes INDEX Back cover