Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland (Plant and Vegetation, 18)

This book will present information on Pantanal vegetation including an updated checklist of flora, useful plants, ecological aspects and some topics never published for this region, such as lichens. It aims to be a reference for researchers, graduate and undergraduate students as well as stakeholders and decision makers interested in the flora and vegetation of one of the world’s largest tropical wetlands. Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: General Features of the Pantanal Wetland 1.1 General Information on the Pantanal and Book Contents References Chapter 2: Classification and Mapping of the Vegetation of the Brazilian Pantanal 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Main Vegetation Types 2.2.1 Forest Formations 2.2.2 Arboreal Cerrado 2.2.3 Herbaceous Cerrado 2.2.4 Chaco 2.2.5 Monodominant Formations 2.2.6 Vegetational Mixtures 2.2.7 Anthropic Areas References Chapter 3: Flora of the Pantanal 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Results References Chapter 4: Aquatic Plants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Taxonomy 4.3 Flora of Aquatic Plants 4.4 Phytogeography 4.5 Ecology 4.6 Aquatic Weeds 4.7 Aquatic Habitats 4.8 Life Forms 4.9 Effects of Fire 4.10 Dispersal 4.11 Biology 4.12 Collecting Aquatic Plants for the Herbarium 4.13 Current and Potential Uses 4.14 Impacts and Conservation Status 4.15 Resilience 4.16 Final Remarks References Chapter 5: Leguminosae in the Pantanal 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Databank on Leguminosae in the Pantanal: Procurement, Standardization, and Analyses 5.3 Richness and Taxonomic Distinctness 5.4 Knowledge Gaps and Perspectives for Studies on Leguminosae in the Pantanal 5.5 Final Considerations References Chapter 6: Lichenized Ascomycota from the Pantanal in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Taxa Previously Reported from the Pantanal 6.3 Species Diversity and Taxonomic Treatment 6.4 Identification Keys 6.5 Identification Key to the Groups of Lichens Found in the Pantanal 6.6 Key A – Cyanolichens 6.7 Key B – Microlichens 6.8 Key C – Foliose Caliciaceae and Physciaceae 6.9 Key D – Parmeliaceae 6.10 Comments on the Species Treated in This Chapter References Chapter 7: Hydrology and Vegetation Base for Classification of Macrohabitats of the Brazilian Pantanal for Policy-Making and Management 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Position of the Pantanal Macrohabitat Classification Within the Brazilian Wetland Classification System: A Summary 7.3 General Description of the Pantanal’s Subclasses and Macrohabitats 7.3.1 Functional Unit 1: Permanently Aquatic Areas 7.3.1.1 Subclass 1.1: River Channels 7.3.1.2 Subclass 1.2: Lakes (Lagoas, Lagos, and Baías) 7.3.2 Functional Unit 2: Predominantly Aquatic Areas (ATTZ with a Predominant Aquatic Phase) 7.3.2.1 Subclass 2.1: Areas with Periodically Flowing Water (Small Water-Distribution Channels Inside the Floodplain) 7.3.2.2 Subclass 2.2: Areas Periodically Covered by Standing Water 7.3.3 Functional Unit 3: Predominantly Terrestrial Areas (ATTZ with a Predominant Terrestrial Phase) 7.3.3.1 Subclass 3.1: Areas Without or With Sparse Vegetation Cover 7.3.3.2 Subclass 3.2: Areas Covered with Grasses and Herbaceous Plants (Campo Limpo Natural) 7.3.3.3 Subclass 3.3: Areas Covered by Herbaceous Plants, Shrubs, and Small Groups of Trees 7.3.3.4 Subclass 3.4: Areas Covered by Shrublands 7.3.3.5 Subclass 3.5: Areas Covered by Polyspecific Forests 7.3.3.6 Subclass 3.6: Areas Covered by Monodominant Stands 7.3.4 Functional unit 4: Swampy Areas (Permanently Waterlogged or Shallowly Flooded) 7.3.4.1 Subclass 4.1: Swamps Covered by Herbaceous Plants (brejos) 7.3.4.2 Subclass 4.2: Swamps Covered by Herbaceous Plants and Palms 7.3.5 Functional Unit 5: Permanently Terrestrial Areas 7.3.5.1 Subclass 5.1: Paleo-Deltas, Alluvial Terraces, and Paleo-Levees (Capões, Cordilheiras) 7.3.5.2 Subclass 5.2: Inselbergs (Morros) 7.3.6 Functional Unit 6: Anthropogenic Areas 7.3.6.1 Subclass 6.1: Paleo-Anthropic Areas 7.3.6.2 Subclass 6.2: Areas of Recent Anthropic Activities 7.4 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 8: Monodominant Stands in the Pantanal 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Monodominant Trees and Shrubs 8.2.1 Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Moore (Bignoniaceae) – “Paratudo” 8.2.2 Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) – “Canjiqueira” 8.2.3 Erythrina fusca Lour. (Fabaceae) – “Abobreiro” 8.2.4 Leptobalanus parvifolius (Huber) Sothers & Prance (Chrysobalanaceae) – “Pimenteira” 8.2.5 Couepia uiti (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth. ex Hook.f. (Chrysobalanaceae) – “Pateiro” 8.2.6 Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae) – “Cambará” 8.2.7 Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae) – “Lixeira” 8.2.8 Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos (Bignoniaceae) – “Piúva” 8.2.9 Inga vera Willd. (Fabaceae) – “Ingá” 8.3 Monodominant Tree Palms 8.3.1 Copernicia alba Morong (Arecaceae) – “Carandá” 8.3.2 Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (Arecaceae) – “Buriti” 8.3.3 Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. (Arecaceae) – “Acuri” 8.3.4 Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng. (Arecaceae) – “Babaçu” 8.4 Herbaceous Monodominant Formations 8.4.1 Cyperus giganteus Vahl (Cyperaceae) – “Piripiri or Piri” 8.4.2 Oryza spp. (Poaceae) – “Arroz” 8.4.3 Elionurus muticus (Spreng.) Kuntze (Poaceae) – “Capim-Carona” 8.4.4 Andropogon hypogynus Hack. (Poaceae) – “Capim-Vermelho” 8.4.5 Andropogon bicornis L. (Poaceae) – “Capim Rabo-de-Burro” 8.4.6 Paspalum lineare Trin./Paspalum carinatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Flüggé (Poaceae) – “Fura-Bucho” 8.4.7 Paspalum wrightii Hitchc. and Chase (Poaceae) – “Capim Macega-Branca” 8.4.8 Eichhornia spp./Pontederia spp. (Pontederiaceae) – “Camalote/Aguapé” 8.4.9 Typha domingensis Pers. (Typhaceae) – “Taboa” 8.4.10 Thalia geniculata L. (Marantaceae) – “Caeté” 8.4.11 Aspilia latissima Malme (Asteraceae) – “Mirassol,” “Malmequer” 8.4.12 Heliconia marginata (Griggs) Pittier (Heliconiaceae) – “Pacova” 8.5 Possibilities of Economical Use 8.6 Future Studies on Monodominant Stands in the Pantanal References Chapter 9: Composition and Distribution of Woody and Palm Vegetation in the Pantanal Wetland 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methods 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 Altitude 9.3.2 Soil 9.4 Main Woody and Palm Vegetation Types in the Wetland and Upland Influences 9.5 Habitat Generalists: Species with Higher Frequencies in the Floodplain and with Wide Geographic Distributions 9.6 Habitat Specialists: Species with Limited Distributions in the Pantanal or That Are Restricted to Its Border References Chapter 10: Natural Pastures of the Pantanal: Diversity, Productive Potential and Dynamics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Diversity of Native Pastures and Ecological Sites 10.3 Productive Potential and Carrying Capacity of the Native Pastures 10.4 Dynamics and Adaptative Management of the Native Pastures – A Multifunctional System References Chapter 11: Woody Encroachment and Its Control in Periodically Flooded Grasslands of the Pantanal, a Large Brazilian Wetland 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Pantanal Grassland Macrohabitats Under Woody Encroachment 11.2.1 Shortgrass-Floodplain Community (Campo de Mimosinho, Sensu Schessl 1999 and Nunes da Cunha and Junk 2015) 11.2.2 Small Tussock Grassland (Campos de Murundus, Sensu Schessl 1999, Nunes da Cunha and Junk 2015) 11.2.3 Tall Tussock Grasslands (Campos de Rabo de Burro, Sensu Schessl 1999, Nunes da Cunha and Junk 2015) 11.3 Encroaching Woody Species in the Pantanal 11.3.1 Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) 11.3.2 Combretum lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler and C. laxum Jacq. (Combretaceae) 11.3.3 Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae) 11.3.4 Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae) 11.4 The Colonization of Grassland Macrohabitats by Encroaching Woody Plants 11.4.1 General Considerations 11.4.2 The Colonization of Campo de Mimosinho by Combretum laxum 11.5 Woody Encroachment and Fauna 11.6 Control of Woody Encroachment: Vegetation States, Costs, History, Legal Aspects, and Current Perspectives 11.7 Discussion References Chapter 12: Paleovegetation Inferences and Landscape Evolution in the Pantanal Basin 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pollen Records in the Pantanal 12.2.1 Pantanal Vegetation Types and Pollen Rain 12.2.2 Lake Gaiva (17°45′S, 57°35′W) 12.2.3 Lagoa Negra (Black Lake) (19°04′S, 57°31′W) 12.2.4 Porto Jofre (17°19′ S, 56°48′ W) 12.2.5 Salinas of Nhecolândia (18°59′ S, 56°39′ W) 12.3 Discussion 12.3.1 Potential and Obstacles of Pollen Studies in the Pantanal Basin 12.3.2 Late-Glacial Vegetation 12.3.3 Holocene Vegetation 12.3.4 Final Considerations and Perspectives References Chapter 13: Synthesis of the Present Knowledge on Plant Phenology of the Pantanal 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Methods 13.3 Results and Discussion References Chapter 14: Temporal Patterns of Pollination and Seed Dispersal in Capões of the Southern Pantanal 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Methods 14.2.1 Study Site 14.2.2 Reproductive Phenology 14.2.3 Pollination and Seed Dispersal Syndromes 14.3 Results 14.4 Discussion References Chapter 15: Soil Seed Banks in the Pantanal Wetland 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Soil Seed Bank Studies in the Pantanal 15.3 Synthesis of Soil Seed Bank Studies in the Pantanal 15.4 Effects of Flood and Fire 15.5 Dispersal 15.6 Research Needs 15.7 Conclusions References Chapter 16: Plant Morphoanatomical Adaptations to Environmental Conditions of the Pantanal Wetland 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Effect of Flooding, Drought, and Fire on the Morphology of Aquatic Macrophytes 16.2.1 Leaves: Structural and Adaptative Aspects 16.2.2 Stems: Structural and Adaptative Aspects 16.2.3 Roots: Structural and Adaptative Aspects 16.2.4 Adaptations of Diaspores in Aquatic Macrophytes 16.2.4.1 Vegetative Propagation in Aquatic Macrophytes 16.2.4.2 Dispersal of Diaspores in Aquatic Macrophytes 16.3 Adaptation to Flooding in Plants and Woody Seedlings 16.3.1 Morphoanatomical Responses of Seedlings to Soil Flooding 16.3.2 Bark of Woody Riparian Forest Species References Chapter 17: Metabolomics Applied to Understand and Determine Ecological and Evolutionary Relationships, and Medicinal Potential of Plants from Pantanal 17.1 Primary Metabolism and Secondary Plant Metabolism 17.2 Metabolomics 17.3 Application of Metabolomics in the Pantanal 17.4 The Role of Metabolomics in Chemosystematics of Pantanal Species 17.4.1 Effects of Environmental Factors on the Concentration of Secondary Metabolites in Early Development Stages 17.4.2 Biological Activities and Nutraceutical Potential of Fruits 17.4.3 Future Perspectives References Chapter 18: Fire, Flood and Pantanal Vegetation 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Flooding 18.1.2 Fire 18.1.3 Effects of Flooding and Fire 18.2 Methods 18.3 Results and Discussion 18.3.1 Fire Regime 18.3.2 Fire and Pantanal Vegetation 18.3.3 Fire, Inundation, and Their Combined Effects on Vegetation 18.3.4 Fire, Flood, and the Management of Pantanal References Chapter 19: Wild Food Plants of the Pantanal: Past, Present, and Future 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Biocultural Diversity in the Pantanal 19.3 Material and Methods 19.3.1 Historical Background 19.3.2 Sources of Data on Plants 19.4 Results 19.4.1 Historical Background 19.4.2 Wild Food Plants Used in the Past 19.4.3 Wild Food Plants Used in the Present and with Potential Use 19.4.4 Acrocomia spp. 19.4.5 Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng 19.4.6 Oryza spp. 19.4.7 Copernicia alba Morong ex Morong & Britton 19.4.8 Prosopis spp. 19.4.9 Hymenaea spp. 19.4.10 Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Spreng. 19.4.11 Victoria amazonica Planch. ex Casp. 19.4.12 Other Native Food Species of the Pantanal 19.4.13 Future: Challenges for Conservation 19.5 Final Considerations References Chapter 20: Ecological Restoration of Pantanal Wetlands 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Restoration Activities in Wetlands All Over the World 20.3 Abiotic and Biotic Filters and Restoration in the Pantanal 20.4 Low Availability of Restoration Studies in the Region: Defining Gaps and Suggesting Improvements 20.5 Environmental Efforts for Mapping the Resilience of Brazilian Biomes and the Pantanal 20.6 Examples of Studies Carried Out in Brazil: Active and Passive Restoration 20.7 Legislation and Future Implications References Chapter 21: Monetary Value of the Ecosystem Services of the Pantanal and Its Surroundings: First Approximations and Perspectives 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Value of Natural Wetlands 21.3 The Pantanal and Its Surroundings 21.4 Estimating the Pantanal and UPRB ES Monetary Value 21.5 First Approximation of the UPRB ES Monetary Value 21.6 New Pieces of the Puzzle 21.6.1 Traditional Communities and Ecosystem Services 21.6.2 Other Values 21.7 Challenges, Opportunities, and Future References Index