Five Egyptian Goddesses: Their Possible Beginnings, Actions, and Relationships in the Third Millennium BCE (Bloomsbury Egyptology)

This volume explores the earliest appearances and functions of the five major Egyptian goddesses Neith, Hathor, Nut, Isis and Nephthys. Although their importance endured throughout more than three millennia of ancient Egyptian history, their origins, earliest roles, and relationships in religion, myth, and cult have never before been studied together in detail. Showcasing the latest research with carefully chosen illustrations and a full bibliography, Susan Tower Hollis suggests that the origins of the goddesses derived primarily from their functions, as, shown by their first appearances in the text and art of the Protodynastic, Early Dynastic, and Old Kingdom periods of the late fourth and third millennia BCE. The roles of the goddess Bat are also explored where she is viewed both as an independent figure and in her specific connections to Hathor, including the background to their shared bovine iconography. Hollis provides evidence of the goddesses' close ties with royalty and, in the case of Neith, her special connections to early queens. Vital reading for all scholars of Egyptian religion and other ancient religions and mythology, this volume brings to light the earliest origins of these goddesses who would go on to play major parts in later narratives, myths, and mortuary cult. This volume explores the earliest appearances and functions of the five major Egyptian goddesses Neith, Hathor, Nut, Isis and Nephthys. Their importance endured throughout the three millennia of Egyptian history but their origins and earliest roles in religion and myth have never before been studied together in detail. Showcasing the latest research, carefully chosen illustrations and a full bibliography on the five goddesses, Susan Tower Hollis demonstrates that their origins derived primarily from their functions. She focuses on the Old Kingdom dynasties of the third millennium BC, during which the goddesses first appear in text and art, from Neith in the first dynasty through to Isis in the fifth. The roles of the goddess Bat are also explored in her specific connection to Hathor, with whom she was later assimilated. Hollis is particularly interested in the evidence that these goddesses had very close ties with royalty and, at least in the case of Neith and Hathor, special connections to early queens. Vital reading for all scholars of Egyptian religion, mythology and early dynastic history, this volume brings to light the earliest origins of these goddesses who would go on to play major parts in later narratives, myths and mortuary cult.