تجارت ماهی در جوامع شمال اقیانوس اطلس قرون وسطی: رویکردی بین‌رشته‌ای به اکودینامیک انسانی (شمال اقیانوس اطلس اوایل قرون وسطی)

"Val Dufeu here reconstructs settlement patterns of fishing communities in Viking Age Iceland and proposes socio-economic and environmental models relevant to any study of the Vikings or the North Atlantic. She integrates written sources, geoarchaeological data, and zooarchaeological data to examine how fishing propelled political change in the North Atlantic. The evolution of survival fishing to internal fish markets to overseas fish trade mirrors wider social changes in the Vikings' world."--Bloomsbury Publishing Acknowledgments 11 I. Introduction 13 Fishing in the North Atlantic Scandinavian World: A Human-Environment Approach to the Role and Place of Iceland and the Faeroes 15 II. Reviewing Viking Studies and North Atlantic Realm Archaeological Research 19 Iceland 22 Archaeological Research and Environmental Sciences Studies Related to Fish in Viking Age and Medieval Iceland 32 The Faeroes 34 The Faeroes and Environmental Sciences Research 36 Archaeo-ichthyological Research 38 Fishing and Fishing Communities: Anthropological, Archaeological and Historical Approaches 42 III. Interdisciplinarity and Environmental History: Setting the Methodology 49 Primary Sources 50 Environmental History and Theories 53 Consilience 54 Historicism, Materialism, Functionalism and Behaviourism 55 Economics and Anthropology 57 Environmental Archives 59 Geoarchaeology and Micromorphology 59 Zooarchaeology 62 A Holistic Approach 64 IV. Sagas and Archives 65 Part 1: Icelandic and Faeroese primary sources and the writing of history 66 Sagas 67 'Íslendinga sögur', The Sagas of the Icelanders 70 'Landnámabók' or Book of Settlement 72 'Grágás' and 'Íslendingabók' 74 Church & Public Records: 'Diplomatarium Islandicum' 77 Part 2: Reading the sources thematically 79 Exploiting Sea and Rivers 79 Fishermen and Those involved in Fishing 84 Traders and Commercial Partnerships 86 Ship and Cargo 91 Icelanders and Norwegian Kings 96 V. Modelling the Exploitation of Aquatic Resources and the Emergence of Commercial Fishing in Iceland and the Faeroes 103 The Climate and Geography of Iceland 104 The Climate and Geography of the Faeroes 107 Marginality and Rationality as a Conceptual Framework 110 Marginality: Adaptation and Resilience 111 Behaviour and Rationality 112 Environmental Factors and the Norse Pioneers of Iceland and the Faeroes 115 Environmental Determinism and the Settlement of Iceland and the Faeroes 116 Resource Possibilism and the Settlement of Iceland and the Faeroes 119 Exploitation of Aquatic Systems 126 Icelandic and Faeroes Waters 126 Off shore, Inshore and Riverine Fish Resources 127 Marine Species 128 Riverine Species 131 Economic Commonwealth: Core and Periphery within the North Atlantic Realm 133 Economic Patterns from the Later Iron Age to the Medieval Period 134 Emergence of an Original Icelandic Economy or Scandinavian Continuity? 135 An Atlantic Economic Commonwealth 136 Emergence of Specialised Workers 137 Exploiting Renewable Resources for Commercial Purposes 138 Icelandic and Faeroese Merchants? 140 Regulating the Trade and Fishing Rights: Sea and Riverine Rights 142 Trading Network 143 National-Regional Trade, Markets and Fair: Alþíng og Þíng 143 Fishing and Settlement Patterns 145 High Status Farm – Coastal and Inland 147 Mid-Rank Farm 148 Fishing Stations 149 Gender Exploitation of Ecosystems 151 Church and Fish 152 Icelandic Seafaring 157 Navigation Skills 157 Ship and Seafaring Regulations 159 Iceland and the European Fish Markets 160 VI Geoarchaeology of the Emergence of Commercial Fishing: Testing Historical and Environmental Reconstructions of the Emergence of Commercial Fishing 167 Geo-archaeology: Understanding Human Economic History through the Use of Landscape 167 Identifying Settlement Patterns 167 The Soils of Iceland 169 Micromorphology: Investigating Human Economic Patterns through Soil Analysis 170 Methodology 173 Zooarchaeology: Understanding Human Economic Behaviour through Bone Finds 173 Bone Recovery: Archaeological Contexts 174 Methodology 175 The Norse Fish Horizon 176 Reconstructing Commercial Fishing: Case Studies 178 Árneshreppur, Strandasýsla, North West Iceland 180 Gjögur 181 Akurvík 189 The Westfjords: Vatnsfjörður 195 Mývatnssveit: Skútustaðir 198 The Faeroes 204 Undir Junkarinsfløtti 205 Á Sondum 209 Environmental Archives and Human behaviour: modelling fish based paleo-economies in Iceland and the Faeroes 214 VII Conclusion 219 Bibliography 231 Index 251 This book reconstructs settlement patterns of fishing communities in Viking Age Iceland and proposes socio-economic and environmental models relevant to any study of the Vikings or the North Atlantic.