First-Order Logic (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 2. Folge, 43)

Except for this preface, this study is completely self-contained. It is intended to serve both as an introduction to Quantification Theory and as an exposition of new results and techniques in "analytic" or "cut-free" methods. We use the term "analytic" to apply to any proof procedure which obeys the subformula principle (we think of such a procedure as "analysing" the formula into its successive components). Gentzen cut-free systems are perhaps the best known example of ana­ lytic proof procedures. Natural deduction systems, though not usually analytic, can be made so (as we demonstrated in [3]). In this study, we emphasize the tableau point of view, since we are struck by its simplicity and mathematical elegance. Chapter I is completely introductory. We begin with preliminary material on trees (necessary for the tableau method), and then treat the basic syntactic and semantic fundamentals of propositional logic. We use the term "Boolean valuation" to mean any assignment of truth values to all formulas which satisfies the usual truth-table conditions for the logical connectives. Given an assignment of truth-values to all propositional variables, the truth-values of all other formulas under this assignment is usually defined by an inductive procedure. We indicate in Chapter I how this inductive definition can be made explicit-to this end we find useful the notion of a formation tree (which we discuss earlier). Except for this preface, this study is completely self-contained. It is intended to serve both as an introduction to Quantification Theory and as an exposition of new results and techniques in "analytic" or "cut-free" methods. We use the term "analytic" to apply to any proof procedure which obeys the subformula principle (we think of such a procedure as "analysing" the formula into its successive components). Gentzen cut-free systems are perhaps the best known example of anaƯ lytic proof procedures. Natural deduction systems, though not usually analytic, can be made so (as we demonstrated in [3]). In this study, we emphasize the tableau point of view, since we are struck by its simplicity and mathematical elegance. Chapter I is completely introductory. We begin with preliminary material on trees (necessary for the tableau method), and then treat the basic syntactic and semantic fundamentals of propositional logic. We use the term "Boolean valuation" to mean any assignment of truth values to all formulas which satisfies the usual truth-table conditions for the logical connectives. Given an assignment of truth-values to all propositional variables, the truth-values of all other formulas under this assignment is usually defined by an inductive procedure. We indicate in Chapter I how this inductive definition can be made explicit-to this end we find useful the notion of a formation tree (which we discuss earlier) This completely self-contained study, widely considered the best book in the field, is intended to serve both as an introduction to quantification theory and as an exposition of new results and techniques in "analytic" or "cut-free" methods. Impressed by the simplicity and mathematical elegance of the tableau point of view, the author focuses on it here. After preliminary material on tress (necessary for the tableau method), Part I deals with propositional logic from the viewpoint of analytic tableaux, covering such topics as formulas or propositional logic, Boolean valuations and truth sets, the method of tableaux and compactness. Part II covers first-order logic, offering detailed treatment of such matters as first-order analytic tableaux, analytic consistency, quantification theory, magic sets, and analytic versus synthetic consistency properties. Part III continues coverage of first-order logic. Among the topics discussed are Gentzen systems, elimination theorems, prenex tableaux, symmetric completeness theorems, and system linear reasoning. Raymond M. Smullyan is a well-known logician and inventor of mathematical and logical puzzles. In this book he has written a stimulating and challenging exposition of first-order logic that will be welcomed by logicians, mathematicians, and anyone interested in the field. Front Matter....Pages I-XII Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Preliminaries....Pages 3-14 Analytic Tableaux....Pages 15-30 Compactness....Pages 30-40 Front Matter....Pages 41-41 First-Order Logic. Preliminaries....Pages 43-52 First-Order Analytic Tableaux....Pages 52-65 A Unifying Principle....Pages 65-70 The Fundamental Theorem of Quantification Theory....Pages 70-79 Axiom Systems for Quantification Theory....Pages 79-86 Magic Sets....Pages 86-91 Analytic versus Synthetic Consistency Properties....Pages 91-97 Front Matter....Pages 99-99 Gentzen Systems....Pages 101-110 Elimination Theorems....Pages 110-117 Prenex Tableaux....Pages 117-121 More on Gentzen Systems....Pages 121-127 Craig’s Interpolation Lemma and Beth’s Definability Theorem....Pages 127-133 Symmetric Completeness Theorems....Pages 133-141 Systems of Linear Reasoning....Pages 141-155 Back Matter....Pages 156-160 Considered the best book in the field, this completely self-contained study is both an introduction to quantification theory and an exposition of new results and techniques in "analytic" or "cut free" methods. The focus in on the tableau point of view. Topics include trees, tableau method for propositional logic, Gentzen systems, more. Includes 144 illustrations. Self-contained study guide to quantification theory based on the analytic tableaux.