شمول مالی

Without access to mainstream financial services, people pay more for goods and services and have less choice. The impacts of exclusion are not just financial but also affect education, employment, health, housing, and overall well-being. Limited access to financial services also impedes economic development in impoverished communities, which has prompted policy-makers, private institutions and NGOs to develop strategies to address financial inclusion. Drawing on a series of illustrative case studies – from India’s micro-credit industry to mobile banking in South Africa – Samuel Kirwan examines the various types of policy implementation in developed and developing countries, and considers the social impact and efficacy of such economic intervention. While acknowledging the risks and pitfalls of government-backed and private financial inclusion practices, the book makes a strong case for the value of financial inclusion both as a conceptual term for clarifying the stakes of material poverty and as a policy tool that creates a space for meaningful changes in economic practices. The book provides valuable insight into the role of government policy in combatting inequality and is a welcome resource for researchers examining the socio-economic dimensions of poverty and attempts to address it. Cover 1 Half-title 2 Series information 3 Title page 4 Copyright information 5 Table of contents 6 1 Introduction 8 Structure of the book 11 2 What is financial inclusion? 14 Defining financial inclusion 14 Key distinctions 18 Exclusion versus inclusion 18 Global South and Global North 19 Concept, intervention and assemblage 21 Key players 23 Accion 23 The Alliance for Financial Inclusion 23 The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 24 The Grameen Bank 24 The World Bank 25 Key questions 25 3 Financial inclusion as a tool of poverty eradication: the case of microcredit 28 From microcredit to microfinance 29 The microcredit model 30 Microfinance in Bangladesh 32 Microfinance in India 34 The commercial turn 35 The lived experience of microcredit 36 The fall of microcredit 42 Conclusion 44 4 Financial inclusion as the production of new markets: the case of reverse redlining 46 Redlining 47 Reverse redlining 50 The feminization of finance 54 Conclusion 57 5 Financial inclusion as financial subjectivity: the case of financial capability in the UK 60 Financial exclusion: geographies of inequality 61 Discovering financial inclusion: a “Third Way” in poverty alleviation 64 Financial subjectivity and asset-based welfare 66 Financial literacy and capability 69 Financial capability in the era of austerity 72 Conclusion: dynamics of inclusion, risk and practice – financial inclusion as a new form of exclusion? 74 6 Financial inclusion as political project: the case of conditional cash transfers 78 Progresa-Oportunidades-Prospera 80 CCTs and financial inclusion 82 Financial nudges 84 Financial inclusion through contractual governance 85 Conclusion: achieving financial inclusion by other means 88 7 Financial inclusion as transformations in financial practice: the case of mobile money 92 Mobile money: overview 92 M-PESA 94 Mobile money and airtime gifting 97 Mobile money as financial inclusion 99 M-PESA and microcredit 101 Conclusion: re-making money 103 8 Conclusion 106 Access rather than money 107 Formal and informal 109 Involving a broader array of stakeholders and partners 111 The financial subject 113 Critical financial inclusion 114 References 118 Index 134 "Without access to mainstream financial services, people pay more for goods and services and have less choice. The impacts of exclusion are not just financial but also affect education, employment, health, housing, and overall well-being. Limited access to financial services also impedes economic development in impoverished communities, which has prompted policy-makers, private institutions and NGOs to develop strategies to address financial inclusion. Drawing on a series of illustrative case studies - from India's micro-credit industry to mobile banking in South Africa - Samuel Kirwan examines the various types of policy implementation in developed anddeveloping countries, and considers the social impact and efficacy of such economic intervention. While acknowledging the risks and pitfalls of government-backed and private financial inclusion practices, the book makes a strong case for the value of financial inclusion both as a conceptual term for clarifying the stakes of material poverty and as a policy tool that creates a space for meaningful changes in economic practices. The book provides valuable insight into the role of government policy in combatting inequality and is a welcome resource for researchers examining the socio-economic dimensions of poverty and attempts to address it." -- Back cover Employs a range of case studies to examine the success and failure of financial inclusion policy implementations and considers the social impact and efficacy of such economic intervention.