Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance

__Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance__ presents detailed descriptions of the biology and ecology of important arthropod pest of selected global field crops. Standard management options for insect pest control on crops include biological, non-chemical, and chemical approaches. However, because agricultural crops face a wide range of insect pests throughout the year, it can prove difficult to find a simple solution to insect pest control in many, if not most, cropping systems. A whole-farm or integrated pest management approach combines cultural, natural, and chemical controls to maintain insect pest populations below levels that cause economic damage to the crop. This practice requires accurate species identification and thorough knowledge of the biology and ecology of the target organism. Integration and effective use of various control components is often enhanced when the target organism is correctly identified, and its biology and ecology are known. This book provides a key resource toward that identification and understanding. Students and professionals in agronomy, insect detection and survey, and economic entomology will find the book a valuable learning aid and resource tool. Front Cover Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance Copyright Dedication Contents About the Author Preface Acknowledgment 1 Arthropod pests of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Black cutworm: Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel, 1766 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 1.3 Budworms: Tobacco budworm ( Heliothis virescens Fabricius, 1777)-Cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, ... Taxonomy Common name(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Tobacco Budworm: Heliothis virescens Fabricius, 1777 Common name(s) Synonym(s) Distribution Classification and description Cotton Bollworm: Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, 1808 Common name(s) Synonym(s) Distribution Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 1.4 Green peach aphid: Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 1.5 Hornworms: Tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta Linnaeus, 1763)-tomato hornworm ( M. quinquemaculata Haworth, 1803) Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 1.6 Japanese beetle: Popillia japonica Newman, 1841 Taxonomy Common name Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 1.7 Thrips: Tobacco thrips ( Frankliniella fusca Hinds, 1902)-Western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis P ... Taxonomy Common name(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Tobacco Thrips: Frankliniella fusca Hinds, 1902 Synonym(s) Distribution Description Western Flower Thrips: Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895 Synonym(s) Distribution Description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 1.8 Tobacco flea beetle: Epitrix hirtipennis Melsheimer, 1847 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology and ecology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 1.9 Wireworms: Conoderus vespertinus Fabricius, 1801 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 1.10 Summary References 2 Arthropod pests of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Banded sunflower moth: Cochylis hospes Walsingham, 1884 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.3 Rutherglen bug: Nysius vinitor Bergroth, 1891 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.4 Seed maggots: Sunflower receptacle maggot ( Gymnocarena diffusa Snow, 1894)-Sunflower maggots ( Strauzia longipen ... Taxonomy Common name(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Sunflower receptacle maggot: Gymnocarena diffusa Snow, 1894 Common names Synonyms Distribution Description Sunflower maggots: Strauzia longipennis Wiedemann, 1830 Common names Synonyms Distribution Description Sunflower maggots: Neotephritis finalis Hendel, 1935 Common names Synonyms Distribution Description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.5 Sunflower beetle: Zygogramma exclamationis Fabricius, 1798 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.6 Sunflower midge: Contarinia schulzi Gagné, 1972 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.7 Sunflower moth: Homoeosoma electellum Hulst, 1887 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.8 Sunflower seed weevil: Red sunflower seed weevil ( Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, 1876)-Gray sunflower seed weevil ( S ... Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonyms Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Red sunflower seed weevil: Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, 1876 Common name(s) Synonym Distribution Description Gray sunflower seed weevil: Smicronyx sordidus LeConte, 1876 Common name(s) Synonym Distribution Description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.9 Sunflower stem weevil: Cylindrocopturus adspersus LeConte, 1876 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.10 Tumbling flower beetle: Mordellistena spp. Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 2.11 Summary References 3 Arthropod pests of rapeseed (canola) ( Brassica napus L.) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Aphids: Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus, 1758 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.3 Bertha armyworm: Mamestra configurata Walker, 1856 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.4 Brassica pod midge: Dasineura brassicae, Winnertz, 1853 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.5 Cabbage seedpod weevil: Ceutorhynchus obstrictus Marsham, 1802 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.6 Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella Linnaeus, 1758 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.7 Flea beetles: Cabbage stem flea beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephala, Linnaeus, 1758)-Crucifer flea beetle ( Phyllot ... Taxonomy Plant hosts Classification and description Cabbage stem flea beetles: Psylliodes chrysocephala Linnaeus, 1758 Common name(s) Synonym(s) Distribution Description Crucifer flea beetle: Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, 1777 Common name(s) Synonym(s) Distribution Description Striped flea beetle: Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius, 1803 Common name Synonyms Distribution Description Damage Biology Cabbage stem flea beetle biology Crucifer flea beetle and striped flea beetle biology Management Scouting technique Cabbage stem flea beetle Crucifer flea beetle and striped flea beetle Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.8 Rape beetle: Brassicogethes aeneus Fabricius, 1775 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.9 Root maggot: Delia radicum Linnaeus, 1758 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonyms Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 3.10 Summary References 4 Arthropod pests of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cotton aphid: Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 4.3 Cotton boll weevil: Anthonomus grandis Boheman, 1843 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 4.4 Cotton fleahopper: Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Reuter, 1876 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 4.5 Cotton mealybug: Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 4.6 Cotton whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, 1889 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 4.7 Pink bollworm: Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders, 1844 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 4.8 Red cotton stainer: Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius, 1775 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical Natural enemies Chemical 4.9 Two-spotted spider mite: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Cultural Natural enemies Chemical 4.10 Summary References 5 Arthropod pests of sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pink sugarcane mealybug: Saccharicoccus sacchari Cockerell, 1895 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.3 Sugarcane leafhopper: Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy, 1903 Taxonomy Common names Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.4 Sugarcane moth borer: Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius, 1794 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.5 Sugarcane planthopper: Pyrilla perpusilla Walker, 1851 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.6 Sugarcane root borer: Polyocha depressella Swinhoe, 1885 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.7 Sugarcane shoot borer: Chilo infuscatellus Snellen, 1890 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical 5.8 Sugarcane spittlebug: Mahanarva fimbriolata Stal, 1854 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.9 Sugarcane top borer: Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker, 1863 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.10 Sugarcane weewil: Sphenophorus levis Vaurie, 1978 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.11 Sugarcane woolly aphid: Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner, 1897 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.12 Termites Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 5.13 Summary References 6 Arthropod pests of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chinch bug: Blissus leucopterus Say, 1831 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology and ecology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 6.3 Corn earworm: Helicoverpa zea Boddie, 1850 Taxonomic position Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 6.4 Greenbug: Schizaphis graminum Rondani, 1852 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 6.5 Maize stalk borer: Busseola fusca Fuller, 1901 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical 6.6 Sorghum head bug: Calocoris angustatus Lethierry, 1893 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 6.7 Sorghum midge: Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett, 1898 Taxonomy Common names Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 6.8 Sorghum Shoot Fly: Atherigona soccata Rondani, 1871 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 6.9 Spotted stem borer: Chilo partellus Swinhoe, 1885 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 6.10 Summary References 7 Arthropod pests of maize Zea mays (L.) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Corn billbug: Sphenophorus maidis, Chittenden, 1905 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonyms Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 7.3 Corn leaf aphid: Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch, 1856 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonyms Damaging stages Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 7.4 Corn-silk fly: Euxesta stigmatias Loew, 1868 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 7.5 European corn borer: Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, 1796 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 7.6 Fall armyworm: Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, 1797 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stages Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 7.7 Rootworms: Western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, 1868)-northern corn rootworm ( Diabrot ... Taxonomy Common name(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Western Corn Rootworm: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, 1868 Synonym(s) Common name(s) Northern corn rootworm: Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence 1967 Synonyms Common name(s) Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 7.8 Summary References 8 Arthropod pests of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Brown planthopper: Nilaparvata lugens Stål, 1854 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.3 Rice caseworm: Parapoynx stagnalis Zeller, 1852 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.4 Rice green leafhopper: Nephotettix nigropictus Stål, 1870 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.5 Rice leaffolder: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, 1854 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.6 Rice stem gall midge: Orseolia oryzae Gagne, 1973 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.7 Rice water weevil: Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, 1951 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.8 Slender rice bug: Leptocorisa oratorius Fabricius, 1764 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.9 Small brown planthopper: Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, 1826 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting techniques Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.10 Stalk-eyed fly: Diopsis longicornis Macquart, 1835 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 8.11 Summary References 9 Arthropod pests of small grains: Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) 9.1 Introduction Wheat Barley 9.2 Barley thrips: Limothrips denticornis Haliday, 1836 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.3 Brown wheat mite: Petrobia latens Muller, 1176 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.4 Cereal leaf beetle: Oulema melanopus Linnaeus, 1758 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.5 Hessian fly: Mayetiola destructor Say, 1817 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.6 Rice armyworm: Mythimna unipuncta Haworth, 1809 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.7 Russian wheat aphid: Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov, 1913 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.8 Sunn pest: Eurygaster integriceps Puton, 1881 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.9 Wheat curl mite: Aceria tosichella Keifer, 1968 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.10 Wheat stem maggot: Meromyza americana Fitch, 1856 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.11 Wheat stem sawfly: Cephus cinctus Norton, 1872 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 9.12 Summary References 10 Arthropod pests of pulses 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bean flower thrips: Megalurothrips spp. Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description African bean thrips: Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, 1908 Common name(s) Synonym(s) Description Bean blossom thrips: Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall, 1913 Common name(s) Synonym(s) Description Megalurothrips distalis Karny, 1913 Synonym Description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.3 Bean fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli Tryon, 1951 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.4 Bean leaf beetles: Ootheca spp. & Cerotoma spp. Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Ootheca spp. Cerotoma spp. Damage Biology Ootheca spp. Cerotoma spp. Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.5 Coreid pod bug: Anoplocnemis curvipes Fabricius, 1781 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.6 Cowpea aphid: Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.7 Legume pod borer: Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.8 Lima bean borer: Etiella zinckenella Treitschke, 1832 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.9 Pod-sucking bugs: Riptortus spp. Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.10 Spiny bean bug: Clavigralla spp. Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål, 1855 Synonym Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola, 1837 Clavigralla scutellaris Westwood, 1842 Synonym Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 10.11 Summary References 11 Arthropod pests of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Alfalfa caterpillar: Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.3 Alfalfa seed chalcid: Bruchophagus roddi Gussakovsky, 1933 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.4 Alfalfa webworm: Loxostege commixtalis Walker, 1866 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stages(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.5 Alfalfa weevil: Hypera postica Gyllenhal, 1813 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stages(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.6 APHIDS: Pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, 1776) Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stages(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.7 Grasshoppers Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stages(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.8 Potato leafhopper: Empoasca fabae Harris, 1841 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stages(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.9 Tarnished plant bug: Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stages(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chemical control 11.10 Summary References 12 Arthropod pests of soybean Glycine max (L.) 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Bud borer: Crocidosema aporema Walsingham, 1914 Taxonomy Common name(s) Synonym(s) Damaging stage(s) Distribution Plant hosts Classification and description Damage Biology Management Scouting technique Action threshold Nonchemical control Natural enemies Chem