Fiber Bragg Gratings, Second Edition (Optics and Photonics Series)

Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book. This fully revised, updated and expanded second edition covers the substantial advances in the manufacture and use of FBGs in the years since the publication of the pioneering first edition. It presents a comprehensive treatise on FBGs and addresses issues such as the merits of one solution over another; why particular fabrication methods are preferred; and what advantages a user may gain from certain techniques. Beginning with the principles of FBGs, the book progresses to discuss photosensitization of optical fibers, Bragg grating fabrication and theory, properties of gratings, specific applications, sensing technology, glass poling, advances in femtosecond laser writing of Bragg gratings and FBG measurement techniques. In addition to material on telecommunications usage of FBGs, application areas such as fiber lasers and sensors are addressed in greater detail. This special version of Picwave is limited to modelling only the passive fibre devices covered in this book. However the full PicWave package is capable of modelling other non-linear and active devices such as laser diodes and SOAs as discussed in Chapter 8. More information about PicWave can be found at www.photond.com/products/picwave.htm. In addition to researchers, scientists, and graduate students, this book will be of interest to industrial practitioners in the field of fabrication of fiber optic materials and devices. Raman Kashyap, Canada Research Chair holder on Future Photonics Systems, and Professor at ?cole Polytechnique, University of Montr?al since 2003, has researched optical fibers and devices for over 30 years. He pioneered the fabrication of FBGs and applications in telecommunications and photonics. Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applicationsEvaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniquesContains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibersIncludes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book. cover......Page 1 Software Package......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Dedication......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 Acknowledgments......Page 7 Introduction......Page 9 Historical Perspective......Page 10 Materials for Glass Fibers......Page 12 Origins of the Refractive Index of Glass......Page 14 Overview of Chapters......Page 16 References......Page 19 Photosensitivity and Photosensitization of Optical Fibers......Page 22 Photorefractivity and Photosensitivity......Page 23 Defects in Glass......Page 25 General Comments on FGLs......Page 362 Photosensitization Techniques......Page 28 Germanium-Doped Silica Fibers......Page 29 Germanium-Boron Codoped Silicate Fibers......Page 33 Tin-Germanium Codoped Fibers......Page 35 Cold, High-Pressure Hydrogenation......Page 36 Hydrogen Loading of Optical Fibers......Page 38 Densification and Stress in Fibers......Page 41 Summary of Photosensitive Mechanisms in Germanosilicate Fibers......Page 42 Summary of Routes to Photosensitization......Page 44 Summary of Optically Induced Effects......Page 45 Chemical Composition Gratings......Page 48 References......Page 51 The Bulk Interferometer......Page 59 The Phase Mask......Page 61 Fabrication of the Phase Mask......Page 63 The Phase-Mask Interferometer......Page 65 Slanted Grating......Page 71 The Scanned Phase-Mask Interferometer......Page 72 The Lloyd Mirror and Prism Interferometer......Page 75 Higher Spatial Order Masks......Page 78 Point-by-Point Writing......Page 80 Gratings for Mode and Polarization Conversion......Page 81 Single-Shot Writing of Gratings......Page 83 Long-Period Grating Fabrication......Page 84 Ultralong-Fiber Gratings......Page 85 Tuning of the Bragg Wavelength, Moiré, Fabry-Perot, and Superstructure Gratings......Page 87 Fabrication of Continuously Chirped Gratings......Page 92 Fabrication of Step-Chirped Gratings......Page 97 Techniques for Continuous Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 99 Tunable Phase Masks......Page 107 Fabrication of Long-Period Gratings......Page 109 Sources for Holographic Writing of Gratings......Page 110 Low Coherence Sources......Page 111 High Coherence Sources......Page 112 References......Page 117 Theory of Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 125 Wave Propagation......Page 126 Waveguides......Page 128 Coupled-Mode Theory......Page 130 Spatially Periodic Refractive Index Modulation......Page 132 References......Page 602 Mode Symmetry and the Overlap Integral......Page 136 Types of Mode Coupling......Page 138 Coupling of Counterpropagating Guided Modes......Page 145 Codirectional Coupling......Page 148 Polarization Couplers: Rocking Filters......Page 151 Properties of Uniform Bragg Gratings......Page 154 Phase and Group Delay of Uniform Period Gratings......Page 157 Radiation Mode Couplers......Page 158 Grating-Frustrated Coupler......Page 270 Theoretical Model for Coupling to the Radiation Field......Page 161 Copropagating Radiation Mode Coupling: Long-Period Gratings......Page 171 Methods for Simulating Gratings......Page 177 Reflection Grating......Page 178 Codirectional Coupling......Page 180 Phase Shifts within a Grating......Page 181 General Conditions and Restrictions for the T-Matrix Method......Page 182 Rouard's Method......Page 183 The Multiple Thin-Film Stack......Page 184 Grating Design......Page 186 Phase-Only Sampling of Gratings......Page 187 Simulation of Gratings......Page 188 References......Page 190 Apodization of Fiber Gratings......Page 194 Apodization Shading Functions......Page 195 Basic Principles and Methodology......Page 198 Material Properties-Based Parameters......Page 201 Infrared Femtosecond Laser Inscription of Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 203 Multiple Printing of In-Fiber Gratings Applied to Apodization......Page 204 Position-Weighted Fabrication of Top-Hat Reflection Gratings......Page 206 Measurement of Temperature with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 208 The Symmetric Stretch Apodization Method......Page 213 Fabrication Requirements for Apodization and Chirp......Page 217 References......Page 218 Fiber Grating Band-Pass Filters......Page 221 Distributed Feedback, Fabry-Perot, Superstructure, and Moiré Gratings......Page 222 The Distributed Feedback Grating......Page 223 Superstructure Band-Pass Filter......Page 231 The Fabry-Perot and Moiré Band-Pass Filters......Page 233 Distributed Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 455 The Asymmetric Michelson Multiple-Band-Pass Filter......Page 244 The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Band-Pass Filter......Page 249 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers Based on the GMZI-BPF......Page 252 Other Applications of Chirped Gratings......Page 334 Reconfigurable OADM......Page 258 The Polarizing Beam Splitter Band-Pass Filter......Page 259 In-Coupler Bragg Grating Filters......Page 263 Bragg Reflecting Coupler OADM......Page 264 Theory of the BRC......Page 265 Side-Tap and Long-Period Grating Band-Pass Filters......Page 274 Polarization Rocking Band-Pass Filter......Page 278 Guided-Mode Intermodal Couplers......Page 282 Sagnac Loop Interferometer......Page 284 Gires-Tournois Filters......Page 286 Hybrid Lasers: Dynamic Gratings......Page 389 LPG Filters......Page 291 References......Page 297 General Characteristics of Chirped Gratings......Page 305 Chirped and Step-Chirped Gratings......Page 310 Effect of Apodization......Page 316 Effect of Nonuniform Refractive Index Modulation on Grating Period......Page 321 Super-Step-Chirped Gratings......Page 323 Polarization Mode Dispersion in Chirped Gratings......Page 326 Systems Measurements with DCGs......Page 329 Systems Simulations and Chirped Grating Performance......Page 331 Pulse Shaping with Uniform Gratings......Page 335 Optical Delay Lines......Page 338 Pulse Multiplication......Page 340 Beam Forming......Page 341 References......Page 343 Fiber Grating Semiconductor Lasers: The FGSL......Page 350 Static and Dynamic Properties of FGLs......Page 356 FBGs......Page 600 The Fiber Bragg Grating Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Laser......Page 363 Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers......Page 365 Single-Frequency Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers......Page 366 Composite Cavity Lasers......Page 367 The Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser......Page 369 Multifrequency Sources......Page 371 Bragg Grating-Based Pulsed Sources......Page 372 Fiber Grating Resonant Raman Amplifiers......Page 374 Gain-Flattening and Clamping in Fiber Amplifiers......Page 376 Vibration and Acoustic Sensing......Page 478 Optical Gain Control by Gain Clamping......Page 381 Analysis of Gain-Controlled Amplifiers......Page 385 Noise Figure......Page 386 High-Powered Lasers and Amplifiers......Page 387 Coupling of Laser Diodes to Optical Fiber with FBGs......Page 388 Poling for Short Time Intervals......Page 391 Toward Higher-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers......Page 392 Fiber Raman Lasers......Page 395 Ultrahigh-Power Lasers and Amplifiers......Page 397 References......Page 398 Measurement and Characterization of Gratings......Page 408 Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Spectra of Bragg Gratings......Page 409 Perfect Bragg Gratings......Page 415 Phase and Temporal Response of Bragg Gratings......Page 416 Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry......Page 423 Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry......Page 425 Side-Scatter Measurements......Page 429 Measurement of Internal Stress......Page 432 Mechanical Strength......Page 434 Bragg Grating Lifetime and Thermal Annealing......Page 435 Accelerated Aging of Gratings......Page 438 References......Page 439 Principles of Optical Fiber Grating Sensors......Page 444 Principles of Sensing......Page 446 Fiber Designs for Sensing......Page 448 Point Temperature Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 453 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors......Page 456 Fiber Bragg Grating Fiber Laser Sensors......Page 459 Strain Measurements with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 464 Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Temperature Compensation Techniques......Page 465 Pressure and Loading......Page 470 Chirped Grating Sensors......Page 474 Acceleration......Page 476 Magnetic Field Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 479 Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Refractive Index Sensors......Page 480 Long-Period Gratings-Based Refractive Index Sensors......Page 481 Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors......Page 482 Guided Wave Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors......Page 483 Theory of the Surface Plasmon-Polariton......Page 484 Optimization of Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors......Page 486 Long-Period Grating (LPG) Sensors......Page 492 Biomedical Sensing: Hydrostatic Pressure Sensing in Medicine......Page 496 Oil, Gas, and Mining......Page 497 Tilt Sensors......Page 498 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 499 References......Page 500 Light Propagation in Glass......Page 506 Theoretical Background......Page 508 Point-by-Point Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings with Femtosecond Lasers......Page 515 Femtosecond Laser Writing with a Phase Mask......Page 516 Strength of Grating......Page 524 Conclusion......Page 525 References......Page 527 Optical Poling......Page 530 Recording a Grating for SHG......Page 533 UV Poling......Page 534 Glass Electrets......Page 535 Creating a Second-Order Nonlinearity......Page 537 Other Poling Techniques......Page 538 Maker Fringes......Page 539 SHG Microscopy......Page 541 Etching......Page 543 Elemental Analysis of the Surface and Other Techniques......Page 545 Cation Mobility......Page 547 Defects and Water......Page 549 Charge Movement......Page 550 Electrodes......Page 552 The Poling Process in Detail......Page 553 Poling for Long Time Intervals......Page 556 Models......Page 558 Erasure and Stability......Page 560 Routes for Increasing the Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity......Page 563 Increase chi(3) through Poling......Page 564 Glasses Other Than Silica......Page 565 Heavy Metal Oxides......Page 566 Tellurites......Page 567 Phosphates......Page 568 Comparison of Different Poled Glass Materials......Page 569 Physics and Characterization......Page 571 Bleaching......Page 572 Poled Fibers......Page 573 Physics and Characterization......Page 574 Quasi-Phase Matching......Page 575 Applications of Electro-Optic Fibers......Page 576 Phase Modulation......Page 578 Amplitude Modulation......Page 579 Switching and Tuning......Page 581 Polarization Control......Page 582 Voltage Sensing......Page 583 Conclusions......Page 584 LPGs......Page 601 A......Page 603 B ......Page 604 C ......Page 605 D ......Page 606 F ......Page 607 G ......Page 608 L ......Page 609 O ......Page 610 P ......Page 611 R ......Page 612 S ......Page 613 U ......Page 615 Z......Page 616

• Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications
• Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques
• Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers
• Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book.

This fully revised, updated and expanded second edition covers the substantial advances in the manufacture and use of FBGs in the years since the publication of the pioneering first edition. It presents a comprehensive treatise on FBGs and addresses issues such as the merits of one solution over another; why particular fabrication methods are preferred; and what advantages a user may gain from certain techniques.

Beginning with the principles of FBGs, the book progresses to discuss photosensitization of optical fibers, Bragg grating fabrication and theory, properties of gratings, specific applications, sensing technology, glass poling, advances in femtosecond laser writing of Bragg gratings and FBG measurement techniques. In addition to material on telecommunications usage of FBGs, application areas such as fiber lasers and sensors are addressed in greater detail.

This special version of Picwave is limited to modelling only the passive fibre devices covered in this book. However the full PicWave package is capable of modelling other non-linear and active devices such as laser diodes and SOAs as discussed in Chapter 8. More information about PicWave can be found at www.photond.com/products/picwave.htm.

In addition to researchers, scientists, and graduate students, this book will be of interest to industrial practitioners in the field of fabrication of fiber optic materials and devices.

Raman Kashyap, Canada Research Chair holder on Future Photonics Systems, and Professor at École Polytechnique, University of Montréal since 2003, has researched optical fibers and devices for over 30 years. He pioneered the fabrication of FBGs and applications in telecommunications and photonics.

• Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications
• Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques
• Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers
• Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book.

Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book. This fully revised, updated and expanded second edition covers the substantial advances in the manufacture and use of FBGs in the years since the publication of the pioneering first edition. It presents a comprehensive treatise on FBGs and addresses issues such as the merits of one solution over another; why particular fabrication methods are preferred; and what advantages a user may gain from certain techniques. Beginning with the principles of FBGs, the book progresses to discuss photosensitization of optical fibers, Bragg grating fabrication and theory, properties of gratings, specific applications, sensing technology, glass poling, advances in femtosecond laser writing of Bragg gratings and FBG measurement techniques. In addition to material on telecommunications usage of FBGs, application areas such as fiber lasers and sensors are addressed in greater detail. This special version of Picwave is limited to modelling only the passive fibre devices covered in this book. However the full PicWave package is capable of modelling other non-linear and active devices such as laser diodes and SOAs as discussed in Chapter 8. More information about PicWave can be found at www.photond.com/products/picwave.htm. In addition to researchers, scientists, and graduate students, this book will be of interest to industrial practitioners in the field of fabrication of fiber optic materials and devices. Raman Kashyap, Canada Research Chair holder on Future Photonics Systems, and Professor at École Polytechnique, University of Montréal since 2003, has researched optical fibers and devices for over 30 years. He pioneered the fabrication of FBGs and applications in telecommunications and photonics. Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book