Fiber and Textile Engineering in Drug Delivery Systems (The Textile Institute Book Series)

Fiber and Textile Engineering in Drug Delivery Systems explains how innovative textile processing methods including rotary spinning, microfluidics, wet spinning and electrospinning can be used to produce novel drug delivery solutions. This topical book provides detailed descriptions of how to produce such new materials for this purpose, with foundational content to help readers from a range of backgrounds understand the context of material selection and design decisions. Emphasis is given to the engineering side of the manufacturing of the textile and its role in drug delivery, but this also acts as a guide to pharmaceutical applications of textile fibers for materials scientists. Drug delivery research is rapidly expanding and experimenting with new materials to drive improved clinical outcomes as the efficacy of the therapeutic molecule is highly dependent on the right choice of carrier system. Recently, fiber based carriers at both nano and micro scales are gaining interest in the scientific community due to ease of manufacturing, high surface area to volume ratio, desirable drug release kinetics and high mechanical strength. Describes methods for material selection and design for drug delivery systems Provides case studies to explain how these techniques can be applied successfully Covers the regulatory and legal aspects of the use of the textiles and fibers in drug delivery Cover Fiber and Textile Engineering in Drug Delivery Systems Copyright Contents List of contributors 1 Drug-releasing textile materials: current developments and future perspectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical development of drug-releasing textile 1.3 Classes of drug-releasing textile materials 1.3.1 Woven fabrics 1.3.2 Nonwoven fabrics 1.3.3 Nonwoven electrospun fabrics 1.3.3.1 Self-assembly in fabrics 1.3.3.2 Phase separation 1.4 Mechanisms of controlled drug delivery through textile materials and their pharmacokinetics 1.4.1 Temporally controlled mechanism of drug release 1.4.1.1 Dissolution-controlled release 1.4.1.2 Diffusion-controlled release 1.4.1.3 Osmotic-controlled release 1.4.2 Distribution-controlled release 1.4.3 Pharmacokinetics of drug release 1.5 Fabrication of drug delivery systems 1.5.1 Coating methods 1.5.2 Encapsulation methods 1.5.3 Fiber spinning techniques 1.5.4 Hollow fibers methods 1.5.5 Bioconjugation techniques 1.5.6 Ion complexes methods 1.5.7 Plasma treatment methods 1.5.8 Nanotechnology in fabrics 1.6 Evaluation of drug-releasing textile materials 1.6.1 Morphological and chemical characterization 1.6.1.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study on textile materials 1.6.1.2 Scanning electron microscopy of textile materials 1.6.2 Mechanical and physical properties of textile materials 1.6.3 Estimation of drug-loading efficiency of textile materials 1.6.4 Controllability of drug release from textile materials 1.6.5 Stability study of textile materials 1.6.6 Interface reactions of textile materials 1.6.7 Antimicrobial activity test of textile materials 1.7 Drug-releasing textile materials applications 1.8 Future prospective 1.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments Individual authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 2 Current approaches in nanofiber-based drug delivery systems: methods and applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Electrospinning principle and its fundamentals 2.2.1 Types of material for electrospinning 2.2.1.1 Electrospinning of organic polymer 2.2.1.2 Electrospinning of colloidal particle 2.2.1.3 Electrospinning of composite 2.2.1.4 Electrospinning of small molecules 2.2.2 Different governing parameters affecting nanofibers’ fabrication 2.2.2.1 Concentration 2.2.2.2 Molecular weight 2.2.2.3 Viscosity 2.2.2.4 Surface tension 2.2.2.5 Surface charge density/conductivity 2.2.2.6 Polymer solvents 2.2.2.7 Applied voltage 2.2.2.8 Feeding/flowing rate 2.2.2.9 Tip to collector distance 2.2.2.10 Ambient parameters 2.3 Method for incorporation of drug using electrospinning 2.3.1 Blending electrospinning 2.3.2 Coaxial electrospinning 2.3.3 Emulsion electrospinning 2.3.4 Electrospray 2.3.5 Layer-by-layer self assembly 2.3.6 Core shell 2.4 Stimuli-responsive drug delivery using smart electrospun nanofibers 2.4.1 pH-responsive electrospun nanofibers 2.4.2 Thermo-responsive electrospun nanofibers 2.4.3 Light-responsive electrospun nanofibers 2.4.4 Electric field–responsive electrospun nanofibers 2.4.5 Magnetic field–responsive electrospun nanofibers 2.4.6 Multi stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers 2.4.7 Biochemical stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers 2.5 Clinically used electrospun nanofiber-based biomedical drug delivery systems/devices 2.5.1 AVflo 2.5.2 RIVELIN patch 2.5.3 ReBOSSIS 2.5.4 HealSmart 2.5.5 SurgiCLOT 2.5.6 PK Papyrus 2.6 Biomedical applications of electrospun nanofiber-based drug delivery systems 2.6.1 Drug delivery 2.6.2 Regenerative medicine 2.6.3 Wound dressing and antimicrobial agent 2.6.4 Cancer research 2.7 Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments Individual authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 3 Biomaterial-based fibers for enhanced wound healing and effective tissue regeneration 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biomaterials 3.2.1 Natural polymers 3.2.1.1 Chitosan 3.2.1.2 Hyaluronic acid 3.2.1.3 Collagen 3.2.1.4 Gelatin 3.2.1.5 Silk fibroin 3.2.2 Synthetic polymers 3.2.2.1 Polyvinyl alcohol 3.2.2.2 Polylactic acid 3.2.2.3 Polyglycolic acid 3.2.2.4 Poly(ε-caprolactone) 3.2.2.5 Polyethylene glycol 3.2.2.6 Polylactic-co-glycolic acid 3.2.3 Phytoactive molecule-loaded polymers 3.2.4 Conductive biomaterials 3.3 Synthesis of fibers 3.3.1 Wet spinning 3.3.2 Melt spinning 3.3.3 Electrospinning 3.4 Characterization of fibers 3.4.1 Morphological techniques 3.4.2 Analytical techniques 3.4.3 Techniques for mechanical studies 3.5 The anatomy of skin 3.6 Wound healing and repair 3.6.1 Initial phase—hemostasis 3.6.2 Second phase—inflammation 3.6.3 Third phase—proliferation 3.6.4 Fourth phase—remodeling 3.7 Characteristics of ideal dressing and lacunae with present biomaterial dressings 3.8 Nanoparticle-based wound therapies Acknowledgments Individual authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 4 Biomaterials and biomaterial-based fibers in drug delivery systems 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Intracellular targeting 4.2 Methods for drug delivery system 4.2.1 Microfluidic fiber fabrication 4.2.2 Molding method 4.2.3 Self-assembly 4.2.4 Electrospinning 4.2.5 Other methods 4.3 Biomaterials-based drug delivery 4.3.1 Biomaterials for small molecules 4.3.2 Biomaterials for bigger molecules 4.3.3 How biomaterials have evolved for drug delivery? 4.3.4 RNA delivery 4.3.5 Polymers as responsive biomaterials 4.4 Biomaterials-based fibers in drug delivery systems 4.4.1 Electrospun cellulose acetate in the therapeutic delivery system 4.4.1.1 Alternative to cellulose acetate 4.4.2 Silk in drug delivery system 4.4.2.1 Gene delivery 4.4.2.2 Biological therapeutic delivery 4.4.2.3 Films/coatings 4.4.2.4 Microcapsules 4.4.2.5 Nanoparticles 4.4.2.6 Nanofiber hydrogels 4.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments Author contributions Compliance with ethical standard Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 5 Biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Properties of carbon nanotubes 5.2.1 Physical properties 5.2.2 Electrical properties 5.2.3 Mechanical properties 5.2.4 Thermal properties 5.2.5 Optical properties 5.3 Types of carbon nanotubes 5.3.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes 5.3.2 Double-walled carbon nanotubes 5.3.3 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes 5.3.4 Carbon nanotubes justified on the basis of chirality 5.4 Characterization techniques 5.4.1 Raman spectroscopy 5.4.2 Transmission electron microscopy 5.4.3 Scanning electron microscopy 5.4.4 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance 5.4.5 Thermogravimetric analysis 5.4.6 Atomic force microscopy 5.4.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 5.5 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes 5.5.1 Arc discharge 5.5.2 Laser ablation 5.5.3 Chemical vapor deposition 5.5.4 Catalytic chemical vapor deposition 5.6 Biocompatibility, biodistribution, and biodegradability of carbon nanotubes 5.6.1 Biocompatibility 5.6.2 Biodistribution 5.6.3 Biodegradability 5.7 Toxicity 5.7.1 Neurotoxicity 5.7.2 Cytotoxicity 5.8 Carbon nanotube modification: toward reduction of its toxicity issues 5.8.1 PEGylation 5.8.2 Folate-anchored carbon nanotubes 5.8.3 Chitosan-layered carbon nanotube 5.8.4 Peptide conjugation 5.9 Biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes 5.9.1 Carbon nanotubes in biosensing 5.9.2 Carbon nanotubes in drug delivery 5.9.2.1 Delivery of anticancer agents 5.9.2.2 Delivery of antibacterial or antiviral agents 5.9.2.3 Delivery of proteins and peptides 5.9.2.4 Vaccine delivery 5.9.2.5 Gene delivery 5.9.2.6 Lymphatic targeting 5.9.2.7 Brain-targeting drug delivery 5.9.2.8 Ocular drug targeting 5.9.2.9 Transdermal delivery 5.9.3 Carbon nanotubes in imaging 5.9.3.1 Optical and nonoptical imaging 5.9.3.2 Photoluminescence imaging 5.9.3.3 Fluorescence imaging 5.9.3.4 Magnetic resonance imaging 5.9.3.5 Photoacoustic imaging 5.9.4 Carbon nanotubes in tissue engineering 5.9.4.1 Bone engineering 5.9.4.2 Neural engineering 5.9.5 Thermal therapy 5.9.5.1 Photothermal 5.9.5.2 Photodynamic 5.9.6 Carbon nanotubes in dentistry 5.9.6.1 Dental restorative materials 5.9.6.2 Bony defect replacement therapy 5.9.7 Carbon nanotubes in regenerative medicines 5.9.8 Other application 5.9.8.1 Carbon nanotube-based nanohybrid application Superior oil sorbents Heavy metal toxicity remediation 5.9.8.2 Agricultural applications Carbon nanotubes in plant growth 5.10 Future aspects 5.11 Conclusion Acknowledgment Individual authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 6 Scope of using hollow fibers as a medium for drug delivery 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Drug delivery systems 6.3 Hollow fibers 6.4 Types of hollow fibers 6.5 Hollow fibers for drug delivery 6.6 Ion exchange hollow fiber membranes 6.7 Fabrication techniques for hollow fibers 6.7.1 Solution-based technique 6.7.1.1 Wet spinning 6.7.1.2 Dry spinning 6.7.1.3 Dry-jet wet spinning 6.7.2 Melt spinning 6.7.3 Electrospinning 6.7.4 Microfluidic spinning 6.7.5 Other fabrication techniques 6.8 Drug-loading in hollow fiber 6.9 Mechanism of drug release via hollow fiber 6.10 Drug release kinetics 6.11 Drug delivery applications of hollow fibers associated with different organ systems 6.11.1 Nervous system 6.11.2 Circulatory system 6.11.3 Digestive system 6.11.4 Respiratory system 6.11.5 Endocrine system 6.11.6 Integumentary system 6.11.7 Immune system and lymphatic system 6.11.8 Renal system 6.11.9 Reproductive system 6.11.10 Skeletal system 6.12 Other drug delivery applications of hollow fibers 6.13 Prospects Acknowledgments Authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 7 Deciphering plausible role of DNA nanostructures in drug delivery 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Evolution of nanoscience 7.3 Nano-bio interface 7.4 DNA nanotechnology 7.4.1 Advantages of DNA in nanotechnology 7.5 DNA nanostructures 7.5.1 Driving forces of self-assembly of DNA nanostructures 7.5.2 Formulation of DNA nanostructures 7.6 Holliday junction in designing DNA nanostructures 7.7 DNA aptamers in functionalizing DNA nanostructures 7.8 Structural DNA nanotechnology 7.8.1 2D-DNA nanostructures 7.8.1.1 DNA tiles and lattices 7.8.2 3D-DNA nanostructures 7.8.2.1 DNA polyhedral 7.8.2.2 DNA origami 7.8.2.3 DNA nanotubes 7.9 Dynamic DNA nanotechnology 7.9.1 DNA tweezers 7.9.2 DNA walkers 7.10 Why are DNA nanostructures suitable for drug delivery? 7.11 Modes of drug delivery 7.11.1 Passive delivery 7.11.2 Self-delivery 7.12 Recent advances in DNA nanostructure-mediated drug delivery 7.13 Pros and cons of DNA nanostructures in drug delivery 7.13.1 In vitro and in vivo structural stability of DNA nanostructures/DNA origami structures 7.13.2 DNA origami in the immune system (stability and viability) 7.14 Outlook and future perspective Authors’ contribution Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 8 Multifaceted approach for nanofiber fabrication 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fabrication techniques 8.2.1 Template synthesis 8.2.2 Phase separation 8.2.3 Drawing process 8.2.4 Self-assembly 8.2.5 Melt blowing 8.2.6 Electrospinning 8.2.6.1 Polymer solution 8.2.6.2 Processing conditions 8.2.6.3 Environmental parameters 8.3 Application of nanofibers 8.3.1 Water treatment 8.3.2 Catalysis and energy storage 8.3.3 Electrodes in fuel cells 8.3.4 Lithium-ion batteries 8.3.5 Tissue engineering 8.3.6 Drug delivery 8.3.7 Wound healing 8.3.8 Cosmetics and skin treatment 8.4 Conclusions Individual authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 9 Electrospun nanofiber a smart drug carriers: production methods, problems, solutions, and applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Advantages of electrospun nanofiber 9.2.1 High surface area-to-volume ratio 9.2.2 Nanofibers can be synthesized from a variety of polymers and materials 9.2.3 Ease of fiber functionalization 9.3 Methods of electrospinning 9.3.1 Blending electrospinning 9.3.2 Coaxial electrospinning 9.3.3 Emulsion electrospinning 9.3.4 Surface modification electrospinning 9.3.5 Electrospray 9.3.6 Coaxial electrospray 9.4 Applications of electrospinning 9.4.1 Ocular delivery 9.4.2 Transdermal delivery 9.4.3 Cancer treatment 9.4.4 Enzyme immobilization 9.4.5 Controlled release 9.4.6 Filtration 9.4.7 Tissue regeneration 9.4.8 Barrier membranes 9.4.9 Wound healing 9.5 Conclusion and outlook Acknowledgments Authors’ contribution Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 10 Potential of stem cells in combination with natural and synthetic polymer hydrogel for wound healing dressing 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Physiology of wound healing 10.2.1 Hemostasis 10.2.2 Inflammation 10.2.3 Proliferation 10.2.4 Remodeling 10.3 Approaches to heal wound 10.4 Biomaterial used in wound healing 10.4.1 Natural biomaterials 10.4.2 Synthetic biomaterials 10.5 Wound healing dressings 10.6 Application of hydrogel in wound healing 10.6.1 Natural hydrogels in market 10.6.2 Synthetic hydrogels in market 10.7 Stem cells in wound healing 10.7.1 Endothelial progenitor cells in wound healing 10.7.2 Mesenchymal stem cells in wound healing 10.7.3 Adipose tissue-derived stem cells 10.7.4 Application of stem cells loaded biomaterials in wound healing 10.8 Cell-based wound dressing 10.9 Limitation of biomaterials dressing in wound healing 10.10 Conclusion Acknowledgment Authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent Funding References 11 Next-generation bandages to overcome oxygen limitation during wound healing/tissue repair 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Role of oxygen in wound healing 11.2.1 Reactive oxygen species in inflammatory phase 11.2.2 Reactive oxygen species in the proliferative phase 11.2.3 Reactive oxygen species in re-epithelialization 11.2.4 Reactive oxygen species in infection control 11.3 Conventional wound dressings 11.3.1 Traditional wound dressing 11.3.2 Modern wound dressing 11.3.2.1 Semipermeable film dressings 11.3.2.2 Semipermeable foam dressings 11.3.2.3 Hydrogel dressings 11.3.2.4 Hydrocolloid dressings 11.3.2.5 Alginate dressings 11.3.3 Bioactive wound dressings 11.3.4 Tissue-engineered skin substitutes 11.3.5 Medicated dressings 11.3.6 Composite dressings 11.4 Limitations of conventional dressings 11.5 Next-generation bandages 11.5.1 Wound dressings with monitoring capacity 11.5.1.1 Wound oxygenation 11.5.1.2 pH responsive 11.5.1.3 Thermo responsive 11.5.1.4 Reactive oxygen species-responsive 11.5.1.5 Uric acid-based biosensors 11.5.1.6 Moisture controlling dressings 11.5.2 Self-healing wound dressings 11.5.3 Drug delivery dressings 11.6 Oxygen therapies 11.6.1 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 11.6.2 Topical oxygen therapy 11.7 Conclusion Acknowledgment Authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Permissions Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 12 Fiber and textile in drug delivery to combat multidrug resistance microbial infection 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Common textile antimicrobial agent 12.2.1 Quaternary ammonium compounds 12.2.2 Polybiguanides 12.2.3 Triclosan 12.2.4 Chitosan 12.2.5 Natural herbal products 12.2.6 N-halamines 12.2.7 Natural dyes 12.2.8 Enzymes 12.2.9 Metal and metal oxides 12.3 Nanoparticles-based fabrics for the treatment of antimicrobial infection 12.3.1 Silver nanoparticles 12.3.2 Gold nanoparticles 12.3.3 Zinc oxide nanoparticles 12.3.4 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles 12.3.5 Chitosan nanoparticles 12.4 Electrospun-based fabrics for the treatment of antimicrobial infection 12.4.1 Drug releasing characteristic of antimicrobials-loaded electrospun nanofibers 12.5 Antibiotics-loaded fabrics for the treatment of antimicrobial infection 12.6 Application of nanoparticles against MDROs: merits and demerits 12.7 Conclusion Acknowledgement Authors’ contribution Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 13 Emulsion templated three-dimensional porous scaffolds for drug delivery 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Drug delivery systems 13.1.2 Emulsion templating 13.2 Emulsion templated scaffolds 13.2.1 Conventional emulsion-based scaffolds 13.2.2 Pickering emulsion-based scaffolds 13.2.3 Emulsion templated 3D-printed scaffolds 13.3 High internal phase emulsion templates for drug encapsulation 13.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments Individual authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 14 Nanotubes-based brain targeted drug delivery system: a step toward improving bioavailability and drug enhancement at the... 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Carbon nanotubes as a loaded vehicle for therapeutic delivery 14.3 Neurological disorder and requisite for drug delivery across the blood-brain-barrier 14.3.1 Blood-brain-barrier 14.3.2 Role of carbon nanotubes in neurological disorders 14.3.3 Role of carbon nanotubes in Alzheimer’s disease 14.3.4 Role of carbon nanotubes in Parkinson’s disease 14.3.5 Role of functionalized carbon nanotubes in drug delivery in Parkinson’s disease 14.4 Plausible drug delivery strategies by carbon nanotubes in brain cancer therapy 14.5 Repair and regeneration of neurons by carbon nanotubes 14.5.1 Nanomaterials act as scaffolds for neuroreconstruction 14.5.2 Improving neurocompatability of carbon nanotubes by surface functionalization 14.5.3 Applications of carbon nanotubes for neural cell function 14.6 Neurotoxicity and biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes 14.7 Cellular fate of carbon nanotubes 14.8 Conclusion Acknowledgements Individual authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 15 Functional designing of textile surfaces for biomedical devices 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Functional designing of polyester 15.2.1 Chemical functionalization 15.2.2 Plasma activation 15.2.3 Graft copolymerization 15.3 Applications of functional polyesters 15.3.1 Antimicrobial surfaces 15.3.2 Tissue engineering 15.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments Individual authors’ contributions Compliance of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References 16 Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles reinforced biocomposites for drug delivery 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Nano-biocomposites 16.2.1 Nano-layered reinforced biocomposites (2-D biocomposites) 16.2.2 Nano-filamentary reinforced biocomposites (1-D biocomposites) 16.2.3 Nano-particulate reinforced biocomposites (0-D biocomposites) 16.3 Biopolymer 16.4 Nanofillers 16.5 Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles-reinforced biocomposites 16.5.1 Preparation methods for metal/metal oxide reinforced biocomposites 16.5.1.1 Direct mixing or blending 16.5.1.2 In situ polymerization 16.5.1.3 In situ sol–gel 16.5.2 Characterization of polymer nanocomposites 16.5.2.1 Physical and analytical characterization 16.5.2.2 Mechanical characterization 16.5.2.3 Other characterization 16.5.3 Controlled drug delivery applications of nano-biocomposites 16.5.3.1 Antibacterial agents 16.5.3.2 Oral cavity care 16.5.3.3 Tissue engineering 16.5.3.4 Cancer therapy 16.5.3.5 Other drug delivery application Conclusion Acknowledgments Authors’ contributions Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest Research involving human participants and animals Informed consent References Index