Fetal, Neonatal and Pediatric Neuroradiology Companion

Ideal for exam preparation and everyday clinical practice, Fetal, Neonatal and Pediatric Neuroradiology brings you fully up to date with recent advances in knowledge and image quality in this fast-changing field. World-renowned pediatric neuroradiologist Dr. Thierry A. G. M. Huisman, along with expert coauthors Drs. Stephen Kralik, Nilesh Desai, and Avner Meoded, utilizes an easy-to-read, quick-reference format of bulleted lists and high-quality images to enhance your understanding and help you quickly grasp and retain critical information. Balances state-of-the-art images and clinical features pertinent to the diagnosis in a bulleted format for quick reference and identification. Includes more than 400 diagnoses encountered in pediatric, neonatal, and fetal neuroimaging, including brain, head, neck, spine, and metabolic disorders. Features thousands of high-quality MRI, CT, ultrasound, and radiographic images. Cover Fetal, Neonatal and Pediatric Neuroradiology Copyright Dedication PREFACE Acknowledgments Foreword Brief Contents Contents 1 - Normal Development INTRODUCTION BRAIN DEVELOPMENT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE DEVELOPMENT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE DEVELOPMENT IMAGING OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE DEVELOPMENT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE SULCATION Expected Gestational Age OF MAJOR SULCI ON FETAL MRI PROGRESSION OF SULCATION: WEEKS 24–29 PROGRESSION OF SULCATION: WEEKS 30–35 NORMAL SULCATION: 19–23 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 24 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 25 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 26 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 27 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 28 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 29 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 30 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 31 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 32 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 33 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 34 WEEKS NORMAL SULCATION: 35 WEEKS SULCATION ON POSTNATAL ULTRASOUND MYELINATION MYELINATION: FETAL MRI NORMAL MYELINATION: NEWBORN Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 3 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 4 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 6 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 9 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 12 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 14 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 18 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 24 MONTHS Myelination Pattern NORMAL MYELINATION: 36 MONTHS Myelination Pattern POSTNATAL HEAD CT DEVELOPMENT CORPUS CALLOSUM EMBRYOLOGY CORPUS CALLOSUM DEVELOPMENT CORPUS CALLOSUM DEVELOPMENT POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT IMAGING OF POSTERIOR FOSSA DEVELOPMENT VENTRICLES FETAL BRAIN BIOMETRY FETAL BRAIN BIOMETRY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: DIFFUSION IMAGING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: DIFFUSION IMAGING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: MR SPECTROSCOPY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: FUNCTIONAL MRI CRANIUM AND SKULL BASE DEVELOPMENT SKULL SUTURE VARIANTS NORMAL ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA DEVELOPMENT NORMAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT NORMAL SINUS DEVELOPMENT FACE AND NECK EMBRYOLOGY SPINE EMBRYOLOGY Spine Embryology Classification of Spinal Dysraphisms and Imaging Approach SPINE EMBRYOLOGY SPINE OSSIFICATION CENTERS C1 Vertebrae C2 Vertebrae C3-C7 Vertebrae SPINE OSSIFICATION VARIANTS MRI OF SPINE DEVELOPMENT Stage 1: Approximately Age 7 Months REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE 2 - Brain Malformations INTRODUCTION CORPUS CALLOSUM: DEVELOPMENT Development Imaging AGENESIS, HYPOGENESIS, AND DYSGENESIS OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM Key Points Background Imaging CORPUS CALLOSUM AGENESIS WITH INTERHEMISPHERIC CYST Key Points Background Imaging CORPUS CALLOSUM LIPOMA Key Points Background Imaging CORPUS CALLOSUM THINNING AND DEFECTS Key Points AICARDI SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging CORTICAL MALFORMATIONS MICROCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging HEMIMEGALENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging LISSENCEPHALY AND PACHYGYRIA Key Points Background Imaging GRAY MATTER HETEROTOPIA Key Points Background Imaging GLIONEURONAL HETEROTOPIA Key Points Background Imaging COBBLESTONE MALFORMATIONS Key Points Background Imaging POLYMICROGYRIA Key Points Background Imaging SCHIZENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging PORENCEPHALIC CYST Key Points Background Imaging HYDRANENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging ZELLWEGER SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging PI3K-mTOR-AKT DISORDERS Key Points Background Imaging TUBULINOPATHY Key Points Background Imaging OTHER DISORDERS WITH CORTICAL MALFORMATIONS Key Points HOLOPROSENCEPHALY SPECTRUM ALOBAR HOLOPROSENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging SEMILOBAR HOLOPROSENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging LOBAR HOLOPROSENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging SYNTELENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging SEPTO-OPTIC DYSPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging SEPTOPREOPTIC HOLOPROSENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging ABSENT SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM: OTHER CAUSES Key Points ENCEPHALOCELES AND CRANIUM ANOMALIES CONGENITAL MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE Key Points Background Imaging SECONDARY OR ACQUIRED MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE Key Points Background Imaging ATRETIC ENCEPHALOCELE Key Points Background Imaging ANENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging EXENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging APROSENCEPHALY-ATELENCEPHALY Key Points Background Imaging SINUS PERICRANII Key Points Background Imaging CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT ABNORMALITIES CONGENITAL AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS Key Points Background Imaging AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS: POSTHEMORRHAGIC Key Points Background Imaging AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS: EXTRINSIC COMPRESSION Key Points POSTERIOR FOSSA MALFORMATIONS CHIARI I MALFORMATION Key Points Background Imaging SECONDARY CHIARI I MALFORMATION Key Points CHIARI II MALFORMATION Key Points Background Imaging CHIARI III MALFORMATION Key Points CHIARI IV MALFORMATION Key Points CYSTIC POSTERIOR FOSSA MALFORMATIONS POSTERIOR FOSSA CYSTS DANDY-WALKER MALFORMATION Key Points Background Imaging VERMIAN HYPOPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging BLAKE POUCH CYST Key Points Background Imaging RETROCEREBELLAR ARACHNOID CYST Key Points Background Imaging MEGA CISTERNA MAGNA Key Points Background Imaging JOUBERT SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging PONTOCEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging DIENCEPHALIC-MESENCEPHALIC JUNCTION DYSPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging PONTINE TEGMENTAL CAP DYSPLASIA Key Points HORIZONTAL GAZE PALSY AND PROGRESSIVE SCOLIOSIS Key Points Background Imaging RHOMBENCEPHALOSYNAPSIS Key Points Background Imaging CEREBELLAR CLEFT Key Points ECTOPIC CEREBELLAR TISSUE Key Points PITUITARY AND SELLA MALFORMATIONS ECTOPIC NEUROHYPOPHYSIS Key Points PITUITARY DUPLICATION Key Points PERSISTENT CRANIOPHARYNGEAL CANAL Key Points Background Imaging CYSTS AND FLUID SPACES ARACHNOID CYST Key Points Background Imaging EPIDERMOID CYST Key Points Background Imaging DERMOID CYST Key Points Background Imaging SUMMARY OF TRISOMIES TRISOMY 13 Key Points Background Imaging TRISOMY 18 Key Points Background Imaging TRISOMY 21 Key Points Background Imaging REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE 3 - Hypoxic Ischemic Injury and Cerebrovascular Disorders HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC INJURY Key Points GLOBAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC STROKE AFTER DROWNING OR CARDIAC ARREST Key Points ACUTE STROKE Key Points FOCAL CEREBRAL ARTERIOPATHY OF CHILDHOOD (FCA) Key Points VASCULAR DISSECTION AND ACUTE STROKE Key Points TWIN-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME Key Points GERMINAL MATRIX HEMORRHAGE Key Points PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA Key Points ECMO COMPLICATIONS Key Points DURAL SINUS OR VEIN THROMBOSIS Key Points POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME (PRES) Key Points VEIN OF GALEN ANEURSYMAL MALFORMATION Key Points CAVERNOUS ANGIOMA Key Points DEVELOPMENTAL VENOUS ANOMALY Key Points FAMILIAL AND POSTRADIATION CAVERNOUS MALFORMATIONS Key Points ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS (AVMs) Key Points DURAL SINUS MALFORMATION Key Points CONGENITAL DURAL AV FISTULA Key Points INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM Key Points Background Imaging PRIMARY ANGIITIS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PACNS) Key Points Secondary Central Nervous System Vasculitis Key Points MOYAMOYA VASCULOPATHY Key Points SICKLE CELL DISEASE Key Points HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA Key Points LOEYS-DIETZ SYNDROME Key Points COL4A1/2 DISORDERS Key Points ACTA2 VASCULOPATHY Key Points TAKAYASU ARTERITIS Key Points REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCEs 4 - Inherited and Acquired Metabolic Disorders INTRODUCTION Background Imaging METABOLIC DISORDERS: NEONATAL ONSET MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA Key Points Background Clinical Imaging NONKETOTIC HYPERGLYCINEMIA Key Points Background Clinical Imaging ISOLATED SULFITE OXIDASE DEFICIENCY Key Points Background Clinical Imaging MOLYBDENUM COFACTOR Key Points Background Clinical Imaging UREA CYCLE DISORDERS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH REGIONAL WHITE MATTER PATTERNS ALEXANDER DISEASE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging X-LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY Key Points Background Clinical Imaging CANAVAN DISEASE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging L-2-HYDROXYGLUTARIC ACIDURIA Key Points Background Clinical Imaging METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY Key Points Background Clinical Imaging KRABBE DISEASE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging VANISHING WHITE MATTER DISEASE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging MEGALENCEPHALY WITH SUBCORTICAL CYSTS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES Key Points Background Classification Clinical Imaging Brain Findings Spine Findings METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH DIFFUSE HYPOMYELINATION PELIZAEUS-MERZBACHER Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Differential Diagnosis Hypomyelination Disorders HYPOMYELINATION, HYPODONTIA, AND Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (4H SYNDROME) Key Points Background Clinical Imaging SALLA DISEASE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging HYPOMYELINATION WITH ATROPHY OF BASAL GANGLIA AND CEREBELLUM (H-ABC) Key Points Background Clinical Imaging GM2 GANGLIOSIDOSIS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging CT: MRI: AICARDI-GOUTIÈRES SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging COCKAYNE SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH PREDOMINANT BASAL GANGLIA INVOLVEMENT Mitochondrial disorders: Overview Key Points Background Clinical Imaging MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS: MELAS Key Points MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS: SURF1 Key Points MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS: PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE PROPIONIC ACIDEMIA Key Points Background Clinical Imaging METHYLMALONIC ACIDEMIA Key Points Background Clinical Imaging ETHYLMALONIC ACIDEMIA Key Points Background Clinical Imaging WILSON DISEASE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging GLUTARIC ACIDURIA TYPE 1 Key Points Background Clinical Imaging PANTOTHENATE KINASE–ASSOCIATED NEURODEGENERATION (PKAN) Key Points Background Clinical Imaging METABOLIC AND GENETIC DISORDERS WITH CEREBELLAR ATROPHY NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging CONGENITAL GLYCOSYLATION DISORDER Key Points Background Clinical Imaging INFANTILE NEUROAXONAL DYSTROPHY Key Points Background Clinical Imaging SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA Key Points Background Clinical Imaging GENETIC SYNDROMES WITH CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA Differential Diagnoses: SPECTROSCOPY PATTERNS OF METABOLIC DISORDERS CREATINE DEFICIENCY Key Points Background Clinical Imaging TOXIC DISORDERS DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging KERNICTERUS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging DRUG TOXICITY: METHOTREXATE Key Points Background Clinical Imaging DRUG TOXICITY: VIGABATRIN Key Points Background Clinical Imaging WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY Key Points Background Clinical Imaging HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging ILLICIT DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG OVERDOSE Key Points REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE 5 - Infectious Disorders of the Brain INTRODUCTION Background Imaging SUMMARY: CONGENITAL INFECTIONS “TORCHeZ” CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION Key Points Background Imaging CONGENITAL ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION Key Points Background Imaging CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS Key Points Background Imaging CONGENITAL RUBELLA Key Points Background Imaging CONGENITAL HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION Key Points Background Imaging PARECHOVIRUS Key Points Background Imaging HERPES ENCEPHALITIS (HSV-1) Key Points Background Imaging HERPES ENCEPHALITIS (HSV-2) Key Points Background Imaging HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 (HHV-6) Key Points Background Imaging ENTEROVIRUS Key Points Background Imaging WEST NILE VIRUS Key Points Background Imaging RABIES VIRUS Key Points Background Imaging Chikungunya encephalitis Key Points Background Imaging DENGUE ENCEPHALITIS Key Points Background Imaging ACUTE NECROTIZING ENCEPHALOPATHY Key Points Background Imaging BACTERIAL MENINGITIS Key Points Background Imaging ABSCESS Key Points Background Imaging DIRECT INTRACRANIAL SPREAD OF INFECTION Key Points SUBDURAL AND EPIDURAL EMPYEMA Key Points SHUNT INFECTION Key Points Background Imaging UNCOMMON BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Key Points ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER Key Points Imaging ATYPICAL INFECTIONS CNS TUBERCULOSIS Key Points Background Imaging CANDIDA Key Points Background Imaging ASPERGILLUS Key Points Background Imaging NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS Key Points Background Imaging AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS Key Points Imaging Infectious Eosinophilic Meningitis Key Points Background Angiostrongylus cantonensis Baylisascaris procyonis REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES References References REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE References 6 - Demyelinating and Inflammatory Disorders INTRODUCTION Background Imaging Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Key Points Background Imaging MULTIPHASIC ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ADEM) MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Key Points Background Imaging • Brain • Spine • Differential Diagnoses ANTI-MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN (MOG) DEMYELINATION ANTI-MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN (MOG) DEMYELINATION ANTI- MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN (MOG) DEMYELINATION Key Points Background Imaging NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA (NMO) Key Points Background Imaging • Brain • Optic Neuritis • Longitudinally Extensive Myelitis TUMEFACTIVE DEMYELINATION Key Points Background Imaging AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALITIS Key Points Background Imaging ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC LEUKOENCEPHALITIS Key Points Background Imaging CEREBELLITIS Key Points Background Imaging LUPUS Key Points Background Imaging • Brain • Spine OPHTHALMOPLEGIC MIGRAINE Key Points Background Imaging UNCOMMON INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS Key Points Background Imaging REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE References 7 - Brain Tumors and Treatment Complications INTRODUCTION Background Imaging POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMORS MEDULLOBLASTOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging MEDULLOBLASTOMA: MOLECULAR SUBTYPES MEDULLOBLASTOMA: WNT (WINGLESS) Key Points Background Imaging MEDULLOBLASTOMA: SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) Key Points Background Imaging MEDULLOBLASTOMA: GROUP 3 Key Points Background Imaging MEDULLOBLASTOMA: GROUP 4 Key Points Background Imaging PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging EPENDYMOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOR Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging EMBRYONAL TUMOR WITH MULTILAYERED ROSETTES Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging DYSPLASTIC CEREBELLAR GANGLIOCYTOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging MEDULLARY GLIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging DIFFUSE MIDLINE GLIOMA (DIFFUSE INTRINSIC PONTINE GLIOMA) Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging TECTAL GIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE TUMORS DYSEMBRYOPLASTIC NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging GANGLIOGLIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging OLIGODENDROGLIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging DESMOPLASTIC INFANTILE GANGLIOGLIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging RARE LOW-GRADE TUMORS OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuroepithelial Tumor (MVNT) Key Points Background Imaging Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Young (PLNTY) Key Points Background Imaging PLEIOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging CNS EMBRYONAL TUMOR Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging CONSTITUTIONAL MISMATCH REPAIR DEFICIENCY Key Points Background Imaging SUPRATENTORIAL EPENDYMOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging SUPRATENTORIAL ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOR Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging SELLA AND SUPRASELLAR Tumors OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA, CHIASMATIC/HYPOTHALAMIC GLIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging GERMINOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging PITUITARY ADENOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging HYPOTHALAMIC HAMARTOMA Key Points Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging RATHKE CLEFT CYST Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging PINEAL Region TUMORS GERMINOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging NONGERMINOMATOUS GERM CELL TUMOR Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging TERATOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging PINEOBLASTOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging THALAMIC TUMORS THALAMIC HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging INTRAVENTRICULAR TUMORS CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMA AND CARCINOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging SUBEPENDYMAL GIANT CELL ASTROCYTOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging COLLOID CYST Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging MULTIFOCAL CNS TUMORS SYSTEMIC METASTASES Key Points Background Imaging DIFFUSE LEPTOMENINGEAL GLIONEURONAL TUMOR Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging: JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI Advanced Imaging SUMMARY OF BRAIN TREATMENT–RELATED COMPLICATIONS RADIATION MICROHEMORRHAGES AND CAVERNOUS MALFORMATIONS Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI RADIATION NECROSIS Key Points Background Imaging RADIATION-INDUCED INTRACRANIAL VASCULOPATHY Key Points RADIATION THERAPY–RELATED WHITE MATTER INJURY Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI RADIATION THERAPY–RELATED TUMOR Key Points Background HYPERTROPHIC OLIVARY NUCLEAR DEGENERATION Key Points Background Imaging CT MRI REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES 8 - Epilepsy INTRODUCTION Background Imaging SUMMARY: EPILEPTOGENIC LESIONS FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIAS Key Points FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA TYPE 1 Key Points Background Imaging • MRI findings FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA TYPE 2 Key Points Background Imaging FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA TYPE 3 Key Points Background Imaging BOTTOM OF SULCUS DYSPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS Key Points Background Imaging ACUTE SEIZURE AND STATUS EPILEPTICUS Key Points Background Imaging TRANSIENT SPLENIAL LESION Key Points Background Imaging FEBRILE INFECTION–RELATED EPILEPSY SYNDROME (FIRES) Key Points Background Imaging HEMICONVULSION-HEMIPLEGIA EPILEPSY SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging RASMUSSEN ENCEPHALITIS Key Points Background Imaging MALIGNANT MIGRATING PARTIAL SEIZURES IN INFANCY Key Points Background Imaging EPILEPSY SURGERY: CORPUS CALLOSOTOMY Key Points Background Imaging EPILEPSY SURGERY: POSTERIOR QUADRANT DISCONNECTION Key Points Background Imaging EPILEPSY SURGERY: HYPOTHALAMIC HAMARTOMA ABLATION Key Points Background Imaging EPILEPSY SURGERY: HEMISPHERECTOMY Key Points Background Imaging REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES 9 - Phakomatoses Subchapter 1 INTRODUCTION Subchapter 2 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 3 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2 Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 4 TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 5 STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 6 VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 7 PHACES Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 8 NEUROCUTANEOUS MELANOSIS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 9 BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 10 ENCEPHALOCRANIOCUTANEOUS LIPOMATOSIS Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 11 OCULOCEREBROCUTANEOUS SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 12 PARRY-ROMBERG SYNDROME Key Points Background Clinical Imaging Subchapter 13 OTHER RARE PHAKOMATOSES Key Points Incontinentia Pigmenti Background Clinical Imaging Ataxia Telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome) Background Clinical Imaging Hypomelanosis of Ito Background Clinical Imaging REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE 10 - Brain Trauma Subchapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background Imaging Subchapter 2 SCALP TRAUMA Key Points Caput Succedaneum Subgaleal Hematoma Cephalohematoma (Also Known as a Subperiosteal Hematoma) Subchapter 3 BIRTH-RELATED SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 4 VENOUS SINUS HEMOCONCENTRATION Key Points Subchapter 5 SUBPIAL HEMORRHAGE Subchapter 7 ACCIDENTAL TRAUMA Key Points Subchapter 8 FRACTURE-RELATED DURAL SINUS COMPRESSION AND THROMBUS Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 9 PING PONG FRACTURE Key Points Subchapter 10 LEPTOMENINGEAL CYST Key Points Subchapter 11 ACCESSORY SUTURE Key Points Subchapter 12 PARENCHYMAL CONTUSION Key Points Subchapter 13 DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 14 RETROCLIVAL HEMATOMA Key Points Subchapter 15 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: COMMON FINDINGS Subchapter 16 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: OVERVIEW Key Points Clinical Imaging Subchapter 17 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 18 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: ISCHEMIA Key Points Subchapter 19 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: VENOUS INJURY Key Points Subchapter 20 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: PARENCHYMAL LACERATION Key Points Subchapter 21 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: SPINAL TRAUMA Key Points Subchapter 22 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: RETINAL HEMORRHAGE Key Points Subchapter 23 ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA: RARE TRAUMATIC FINDINGS AND NEW TECHNIQUES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES 11 - Hydrocephalus and Other Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders INTRODUCTION Embryology Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology HYDROCEPHALUS Key Points Background Treatment Imaging SHUNT MALFUNCTION AND COMPLICATIONS Key Points Background Imaging IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION Key Points Background Imaging INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION Key Points Background Imaging BENIGN ENLARGEMENT OF SUBARACHNOID SPACES Key Points Background Imaging REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES 12 - Orbital and Craniofacial Malformations INTRODUCTION Background CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS: OVERVIEW Key Points Background Imaging METOPIC CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS Key Points SAGITTAL CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS Key Points CORONAL CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS Key Points LAMBDOID CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS Key Points CLOVERLEAF SKULL Key Points APERT SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging APERT SYNDROME CROUZON SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging UNCOMMON CRANIOSYNOSTOSES Key Points BATHROCEPHALY Key Points PIERRE ROBIN SEQUENCE Key Points Background Imaging MICROGNATHIA Key Points Background Imaging HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA Key Points Background Imaging TREACHER COLLINS Key Points Background Imaging CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging MORNING GLORY DISC ANOMALY Key Points Background Imaging PERSISTENT FETAL VASCULATURE Key Points Background Imaging Microphthalmia Key Points Background Imaging RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY Key Points Background Imaging UNCOMMON OCULAR ANOMALIES Key Points RADIOTHERAPY-RELATED HEMIFACIAL ATROPHY Key Points CHOANAL ATRESIA Key Points Background Imaging CHARGE SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging PYRIFORM APERTURE STENOSIS Key Points Background Imaging REFERENCES REFERENCEs REFERENCE REFERENCEs REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCEs REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE 13 - Temporal Bone Malformations Subchapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background Imaging Subchapter 2 INNER EAR MALFORMATIONS Subchapter 4 INCOMPLETE PARTITION ANOMALY TYPE 1 (IP-1) Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 5 INCOMPLETE PARTITION ANOMALY TYPE 2 Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 6 LATERAL SEMICIRCULAR CANAL DYSPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging TIMELINE OF INNER EAR MALFORMATIONS Subchapter 7 COCHLEAR NERVE HYPOPLASIA Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 8 BRANCHIO-OTO-RENAL SYNDROME Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 9 X-LINKED DEAFNESS Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 10 OVAL WINDOW ATRESIA Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 11 OSSICULAR ANOMALIES Key Points Subchapter 12 ABERRANT INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 13 PERSISTENT STAPEDIAL ARTERY Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 14 EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL ATRESIA Key Points Background Imaging Subchapter 15 COCHLEAR CLEFT Key Points Background Imaging REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCES REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCES 14 - Neck, Face, Orbit, and Temporal Bone Masses APPROACH TO NECK MASSES BACKGROUND AND APPROACH TO NECK MASSES DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A CYSTIC NECK MASS THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST Cystic THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST Cystic Key Points Background Imaging BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES Key Points Background FIRST BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY Cystic Key Points Background Imaging FIRST BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY Cystic SECOND BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY Cystic Key Points Background Imaging Cystic THIRD BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY Cystic Key Points Background Imaging FOURTH BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY Cystic Key Points Background Imaging FOURTH BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALY Cystic SUMMARY: BRANCHIAL CLEFT ANOMALIES Cystic LYMPHATIC MALFORMATION Cystic Key Points Background Imaging THYMIC CYST Cystic Key Points Background Imaging FOREGUT DUPLICATION CYST Cystic Key Points Background Imaging DERMOID CYST Cystic Key Points Background Imaging EPIDERMOID CYST Cystic Key Points Background Imaging RANULA Cystic Key Points Background Imaging PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER Cystic Solid Calcified Key Points Background Imaging DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A VASCULAR NECK MASS INFANTILE HEMANGIOMA Vascular Key Points Background Imaging CONGENITAL HEMANGIOMA Vascular Key Points Background Imaging KAPOSIFORM HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA Vascular Key Points Background Imaging VENOUS MALFORMATION Vascular Key Points Background Imaging VENOUS MALFORMATION Vascular ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION Vascular Key Points Background Imaging DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A COMMON SOLID NECK MASS ECTOPIC THYROID GLAND Solid Key Points Background Imaging NASAL GLIAL HETEROTOPIA Solid Key Points Background Imaging ECTOPIC THYMUS Solid Key Points Background Imaging LYMPHOMA Solid Key Points Hodgkin Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Background Imaging CT PET-CT RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Solid Key Points Background Imaging RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Solid RHABDOMYOSARCOMA Solid JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMA Solid Vascular Key Points Background Imaging NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA Solid Key Points Background Imaging NEUROFIBROMA Solid Key Points Background Imaging MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATHTUMOR Solid Key Points Background Imaging TERATOMA Solid Cystic Key Points Background Imaging TERATOMA Solid Cystic INFANTILE MYOFIBROMATOSIS Solid Cystic Key Points Background Imaging INFANTILE FIBROSARCOMA Solid Key Points Background Imaging MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOROF INFANCY Solid Key Points Background Imaging FIBROMATOSIS COLLI Solid Key Points Background Imaging MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA Solid Key Points Background Imaging RETINOBLASTOMA Solid Key Points Background Imaging RETINOBLASTOMA: UNCOMMON PATTERNS Solid RETINOBLASTOMA: UNCOMMON PATTERNS Solid RETINOBLASTOMA: COMPLICATIONS Solid PILOMATRIXOMA Solid Key Points Background Imaging ROSAI DORFMAN Solid Key Points Background Imaging DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A BONE-ASSOCIATED MA