تشنج‌های تب‌دار: مفاهیم و پیامدهای جدید

Febrile seizures are the most common seizures in infants and children worldwide, This fact provides strong impetus to study and understand them and their consequences, and consider their treatment. These topics were the focus of the first edition of this book. The 20 years since the publication of this first edition have witnessed an explosion of new information about febrile seizures, meriting this new edition. Key advances have been made in the genetics and neurobiological underpinnings of febrile seizures and especially the very long fever-related seizures called febrile status epilepticus. The role of neuroinflammatory factors in the emergence of these seizures and their consequences, the demonstration of unique clinical and neuroradiological aspects of febrile status epilepticus, and the prospect of predictive (bio)markers to identify and characterize cognitive and epilepsy outcomes are exciting and important. In this edition, the authors and editors tackle these developments in chapters addressing the questions of parents, physicians, allied health care professionals and basic and translational scientists. Reviews all aspects of febrile seizures, including epidemiology, neurobiology and treatment Discusses novel and newly discovered information based on up-to the minute methods Provides an engaging style that is accessible to clinicians, researchers and educated parents Front Cover Febrile Seizures: New Concepts and Consequences Copyright Contents Contributors Part I Epidemiology of febrile seizures Chapter 1 The incidence and prevalence of febrile seizures and febrile status epilepticus Introduction What is a febrile seizure? Historical perspective Definitions of febrile seizures National Institutes of Health, International League Against Epilepsy, and American Academy of Pediatrics Definitions Simple and complex febrile seizures Febrile status epilepticus Determining febrile seizure incidence and prevalence Definitions of epidemiological terms Study designs to determine incidence and prevalence Case ascertainment: Was it a febrile seizure? How common are febrile seizures? Key studies Geographical variation in febrile seizures Seasonal variation in febrile seizures Febrile seizures are slightly more common in boys Why do we need epidemiological data? References Part II Genetic and acquired syndromes associated with febrile seizures Chapter 2 The evolving genetic landscape of febrile seizures and GEFS + Background Genetic approaches used to study the genetics of GEFS + Single-gene causes of GEFS + ( Table 1) Genes with limited evidence for link to FS + /GEFS + ( Table 2) Common genetic risk variants for FS + /GEFS + Genetic testing in the clinical setting Summary and future directions References Chapter 3 SCN1A and Dravet syndrome Introduction Nav1.1 channel dysfunction in DS The role of SCN1A variants in the genetics of DS Sodium channel function and dysfunction in neuronal excitability Effects of temperature on sodium channels and Dravet-associated SCN1A variants Circuit-level mechanisms of Dravet syndrome Axonal dysfunction Synaptic dysfunction Cell-specific dysfunction From cells to circuits Beyond seizures: Broader aspects of the Dravet syndrome phenotype Summary Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Ion channels and febrile seizures: It’s not just SCN1A Introduction Ion channel genes with a strong association with FS Scn1a Scn2a Scn1b Hcn GABA A receptors Gabra1 Gabrb3 Gabrg2 Ion channel genes with a weak association with FS Genes other than ion channel genes that modulate neuronal excitability Potential pathological mechanisms underlying FS References Part III Febrile status epilepticus Chapter 5 Neuroimmunologic aspects of febrile status epilepticus Neuroinflammation, FSE, and epilepsy IL-1R/toll-like receptor signaling Animal models of FSE and the IL-1ß system Genetic studies supporting the role of inflammation in FSE Cytokines associated with febrile seizures and FSE in humans Cytokines as biomarkers of acute hippocampal injury following FSE and epileptogenesis References Chapter 6 Febrile status epilepticus and its consequences: Insights from the “Consequences of Febrile Status Epilepticus i ... Introduction The FEBSTAT study The semiology and duration of FSE FSE and specific organisms FSE and cognitive outcomes FSE and risk for subsequent febrile seizures and a second FSE FSE and the development of epilepsy: potential predictive markers Summary References Chapter 7 The role of febrile seizures in directing surgical therapies for temporal lobe epilepsy How has epilepsy surgery contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms of febrile seizures and their links with tempor ... An introduction to epilepsy surgery Does a history of febrile seizures have any bearing on surgical outcome? Surgical treatment for MTS How should we address the gaps in the literature? Conclusions References Chapter 8 Cognitive outcomes of febrile status epilepticus Early development and overall functioning Memory Language Visuospatial Attention, working memory, and executive functioning Achievement and school outcomes Summary References Part IV The neurobiology of FS and FSE: Experimental approaches Chapter 9 Why do febrile seizures involve specifically the developing brain? Introduction Possible mechanisms of febrile seizure Genetic factors Role of cytokines Direct temperature effects Developmental factors of increased susceptibility to febrile seizures Neural circuit development GABAergic neurotransmission Glutamatergic neurotransmission Intrinsic neuronal excitability Conclusions References Chapter 10 Contributions of cytokines to febrile seizures Introduction Fever and hyperthermia What are cytokines? Animal models of febrile seizures Evidence for brain cytokine involvement in rodent febrile seizure models Evidence for brain cytokine involvement in febrile seizures in children Cellular mechanisms underlying cytokine action in the brain Conclusions and future directions References Chapter 11 Experimental models of febrile seizures and febrile status epilepticus The need for animal models: They provide causality and mechanisms Considerations and choices of animal models Choice of species and “background” genetics Age Genetic animal models of febrile seizures and related syndromes Models of simple FS, recurrent FS, FSE, and epileptogenesis Modes and models for generating experimental FS and FSE What have the models taught us? What can they not teach us? References Part V The neurobiology of FSE-induced epilepsy and cognitive deficits: Experimental approaches Chapter 12 Febrile status epilepticus-related epilepsy: Neuroinflammation and epigenetics Introduction: The complex origins of febrile status epilepticus (FSE) Does FSE lead to epilepsy or adverse cognitive outcomes? Neuroinflammation is inherent in the generation of fever and febrile seizures Neuroinflammation is key to the impact of FSE on brain function and hyperexcitability Several major inflammatory signaling cascades are implicated in epileptogenesis that may follow FSE microRNAs: A link between neuroinflammation and epigenetics Neuroinflammatory processes as therapeutic targets for prevention of FSE-related epileptogenesis Acknowledgments References Further reading Chapter 13 MicroRNAs and epigenetic processes in FSE-provoked epilepsy Introduction Epigenetic regulation of brain development Prolonged febrile seizures and epigenetics Basic mechanisms of microRNAs microRNAs as regulators of the developing brain MicroRNAs and FS MicroRNA as biomarkers of epileptogenesis Targeting microRNA and epigenetic factors to prevent epileptogenesis Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 14 From prolonged febrile seizures to epilepsy: Potential contribution of HCN channels HCN channels and epilepsy: Experimental evidence HCN channels and epilepsy: Clinical data in patients HCN channels and prolonged febrile seizures: Specifics of the developing brain References Chapter 15 Cognitive consequences of experimental febrile status epilepticus Introduction Spatial cognition and development Measuring cognition after eFSE Hippocampal temporal discoordination is induced by eFSE Biomarkers and potential therapeutic interventions for impaired cognition after FSE Hyperthermia model of frequent repetitive FS Future directions Acknowledgements Conflicts of interest References Part VI Clinical and translational implications of FSE Chapter 16 MRI for assessing the impact of febrile status epilepticus and predicting outcomes Introduction Acute MRI changes following FSE Trajectories of MRI changes over time Relationships between MRI abnormalities and cognition MRI changes and later development of epilepsy Significance of these studies for the understanding of FSE and hippocampal injury Implications for management of FSE References Chapter 17 EEG for assessing the impact of febrile status epilepticus and predicting outcomes Introduction Prior information regarding the role of EEG in assessing the impact of FSE Acute EEG findings in FEBSTAT Additional literature Can acute EEG findings predict long-term outcomes including the development of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy? Conclusions References Part VII Management of febrile seizures and FSE: Past, present, and future Chapter 18 Evaluation and practical management: Approach to simple and complex febrile seizures Introduction Diagnostic evaluation History and physical examination Laboratory investigation Lumbar puncture Electroencephalogram and imaging Acute Treatment Overview At home In hospital Prophylaxis Overview Intermittent therapy Antipyretics Benzodiazepines Barbiturates Continuous prophylactic therapy Barbiturates Valproate Other antiseizure medications Immunizations Supportive family management Conclusion References Chapter 19 What do we tell parents of a child with simple or complex febrile seizures? Introduction Information Questions—What do parents want to know? Content—What parents should be told What do parents need to know? Prevention and treatment Antipyretics Intermittent benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines at time of seizure First aid for febrile seizures Manner—Why, where, how, when, and by whom it is told Learning theories Conclusions Available resources References Chapter 20 The future of FS, FSE, and their epileptogenic and cognitive outcomes Epidemiology The genetic revolution and FS Epileptogenesis: Neurobiological, neuroimmunological, and epigenetic mechanisms Predictive markers of epileptogenic and cognitive outcomes after FS and FSE Management implications: Current and future References Index Back Cover