Fear: Critical Geopolitics and Everyday Life (Re-Materialising Cultural Geography)

'Fear' has greater currency in western societies than ever before. Through scares ranging from cot death, juvenile crime, internet porn, asylum seekers, dirty bombs and avian flu, we are bombarded with messages about emerging risks. In response, patterns of living and working are increasingly regulated. This book takes stock of the range of issues of 'fear' which have come to public and academic attention in recent years, and presents new theoretical arguments and new research findings on fear, covering topics as diverse as the war on terror, the immigration crisis, stranger danger, global disease epidemics and sectarian violence.To date, previous social science engagement with fear has taken two largely separate trajectories: fear in everyday life, and political geographies of fear at global and national levels. This book is the first to put forward a conceptual framework which emphasizes the connections between geopolitics and everyday life. It examines the ways in which fear may be manufactured and manipulated for political purposes and becomes a tool of repression, and charts the association of fear discourses with particular spaces, times and sets of geopolitical relations. But it also highlights the importance and sometimes unpredictability of lived experiences of fear - the many ways in which fear is made sense of, managed, resisted and reshaped, as well as the importance of hope and resistance in everyday life. It relates fear closely to political, economic and social marginalisation at different scales, and explores the more complex social identities and relations of which fear becomes a part. This Volume Investigates The Transformation Of Ceylon During The Mid-nineteenth Century Into One Of The Most Important Coffee Growing Regions Of The World And The Consequent Ecological Disaster Which Erased Coffee From The Island. Using This Case Study By Way Of Illustration, This Book Reveals The Spatial Unevenness And Fragmentation Of Modernity Through A Focus On Modern Governmentality And Biopower. It Argues That The Practices Of Colonial Power, And The Differences That Race And Tropical Climates Were Thought To Make, Were Central To The Working Out Of Modern Governmental Rationalities. Contributing An Important Rural Focus To Current Work On Studies Of Governmentality In Geography, In The Shadows Of The Tropics Offers A Welcome Non-state Dimension, With Its Emphasis On The Role Of The Expanding Plantation Economy And The Power Of Individual Capitalists In The Management Of The Lives And Deaths Of Labourers, The Destabilization Of Subsistence Farming And The Aggressive Re-territorialization Of Populations From India To Ceylon. In This Context, The Usefulness Of Foucault's Notions Of Biopower, Discipline And Governmentality Are Examined.--book Jacket. List Of Figures, List Of Maps -- List Of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- 1. Introduction -- Introduction -- Discourses Of The Tropics -- Discourses Of Race -- Discourses Of Governmentality And Bio-power -- Organisation Of The Book -- 2. The Rise Of A Plantation Economy -- Introduction -- The Environmental Framework -- The Agricultural Economy Of The Kandyan State -- The Political Organization Of The Colonial State -- London And Highland Ceylon: The Coffee Connections -- The Plantation Economy -- 3. Dark Thoughts: Reproducing Whiteness In The Tropics -- Introduction -- Moral Hygiene And The Tropical Home -- Temptations -- Bringing Women Out: Angels For The Home -- Conclusion -- 4. The Quest To Discipline Estate Labour -- Introduction -- The Recruitment Process -- The Migration Of Tamil Labourers -- Transportation -- The Production Of Abstract Space -- The Production Of The Abstract Body -- The Uncultivated Body -- Disciplining The Tamil Body. Transformed Bodies -- Resistance In Everyday Life -- Covert Resistance -- Open Resistance -- Runaway Labourers -- Strategies Of Domination -- The Middle Space Of Kanganies -- Conclusion -- 5. The Medical Gaze And The Spaces Of Bio-power -- Introduction -- The Rise Of Medical Topography -- Indian Labourers And The Rise Of State Medicine In Ceylon -- Death On The Roads -- Spatial Strategies: Cholera And The Labourer's Body -- The Choke Point -- The Quarantine Route -- Sanitation And The Abject Body -- Conclusion -- 6. Visualising Crime In The Coffee Districts -- Introduction: Cattle Trespass -- The Political Ecology Of Cattle -- The Alienation Of Common Lands -- The Framing Of The Cattle Trespass Ordinances. -- Theft Of Coffee: On The Illegibility Of Coffee And Its Consequences -- Surveying The Theft Of Coffee: The View From The Estate -- The Framing The Coffee Stealing Ordinances -- Conclusion: 7. Landscapes Of Despair: The Last Years Of Coffee -- Introduction -- Hemeleia Vastatrix -- Official Responses To The Disease -- The Collapse Of The Coffee Estates -- The Impact Of Coffee's Failure On Plantation Labour: The Failure Of Peasant Coffee -- Conclusion -- 8. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index. James S. Duncan. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [193]-208) And Index. Contents......Page 6 List of Figures, Maps, Plates and Tables......Page 8 Notes on Contributors......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 14 Preface......Page 16 1 Fear: Critical Geopolitics and Everyday Life......Page 20 SECTION 1: STATE FEARS AND POPULAR FEARS......Page 42 2 From Presidential Podiums to Pop Music: Everyday Discourses of Geopolitical Danger in Uzbekistan......Page 44 3 ‘Growing Pains’? Fear, Exclusion and Citizenship in a Disadvantaged UK Neighbourhood......Page 56 4 Fear and the Familial in the US War on Terror......Page 68 5 Me and My Monkey: What’s Hiding in the Security State......Page 78 SECTION 2: FEAR OF NATURE AND THE NATURE OF FEAR......Page 92 6 Pandemic Anxiety and Global Health Security......Page 94 7 Nature, Fear and Rurality......Page 106 SECTION 3: ENCOUNTERING FEAR AND OTHERNESS......Page 120 8 Scaling Segregation; Racialising Fear......Page 122 9 Practising Fear: Encountering O/other Bodies......Page 136 10 Neither Relaxed nor Comfortable: The Affective Regulation of Migrant Belonging in Australia......Page 148 11 Youth and the Geopolitics of Risk after 11 September 2001......Page 158 SECTION 4: REGULATING FEAR......Page 174 12 On Strawberry Fields and Cherry Picking: Fear and Desire in the Bordering and Immigration Politics of the European Union......Page 176 13 Identity Cards and Coercion in Palestine......Page 194 14 Ethno-sectarianism and the Construction of Fear in Belfast, Northern Ireland......Page 212 SECTION 5: FEAR, RESISTANCE AND HOPE......Page 228 15 Whose Fear Is It Anyway? Resisting Terror Fear and Fear for Children......Page 230 16 Practising Hope: Learning from Social Movement Strategies in the Philippines......Page 242 17 (Re)negotiations: Towards a Transformative Geopolitics of Fear and Otherness......Page 254 Afterword: Fear/Hope and Reconnection......Page 268 C......Page 270 F......Page 271 M......Page 272 P......Page 273 T......Page 274 Y......Page 275 National Geographic Is Probably The Most Visible And Popular Expression Of Geography In The Us, A Cultural Standard-bearer. This Book Presents A Critical Analysis Of The World Portrayed By This Magazine, From Its Formative Years Through 1945. It Situates The National Geographic Society's Development Within The Context Of A New American Overseas Expansionism, Interrogates The Magazine As America's Ubiquitous Source Of Wholesome Exotica And Erotica, Examines The Ways In Which It Framed The World For Its Millions Of Readers, And Questions Its Participation In The Cultural Work Of Us Global Hegemony. It Argues That National Geographic Successfully Employed 'strategies Of Innocence', A Contradictory Stance Of Representation Which Simultaneously Asserts Innocence - Either The Innocence Of 'just Watching' Or The Innocence Of Altruistic Behaviour - While Naturalizing Western Hegemony. The Book Not Only Examines The World The Magazine Presented To Its Readers, But Also Its Own Institutional World Of Writers, Photographers, And Editors. It Focuses On Gilbert H. Grosvenor, The Magazine's Editor For Over 50 Years; Maynard Owen Williams, A Writer And Photographer Who Worked On Nearly 100 Articles From 1919 To 1960; And Harriet Chalmers Adams, A Freelancer, Explorer And Pan American Activist Who Contributed 21 Articles.--jacket. Introduction : Pictures Of Innocence -- National Geographic In The New World Order -- Picturing The World, Imagining The Nation -- Picturing Human Geography : Orders Of Science And Art -- Maynard Owen Williams : Contradictions Of A 'seeing-man' -- Harriet Chalmers Adams : Intricacies Of Class, Gender And Gusto. Tamar Y. Rothenberg. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [171]-184) And Index. National Geographic magazine is probably the most visible and popular expression of geography in the USA. Presenting America's World presents a critical analysis of the world portrayed by National Geographic, from its formative years in the nineteenth century, through to 1945. It situates the National Geographic Society's development within the context of a new American overseas expansionism, interrogates the magazine as America's ubiquitous source of wholesome exotica and erotica, examines the ways in which it framed the world for its millions of readers, and questions its participation in the cultural work of US global hegemony. The book argues that National Geographic successfully employed 'strategies of innocence', a contradictory stance of representation which simultaneously asserts innocence - either the innocence of 'just watching' or the innocence of altruistic behaviour - while naturalizing Western hegemony. Presenting America's World not only considers the world that National Geographic presented to its readers, but also examines the magazines own institutional world of writers, photographers and editors. Particular attention is paid to Gilbert H. Grosvenor, the magazine's editor for over 50 years, Maynard Owen Williams, a writer and photographer who worked on nearly 100 articles from 1919 to 1960 and Harriet Chalmers Adams, a freelancer, explorer and Pan-American activist who contributed 21 articles. Ch. 1. Introduction : Geographies Of Muslim Identities / Peter E. Hopkins, Mei-po Kwan And Cara Carmichael Aitchison -- Ch. 2. Beyond The Mosque : Turkish Immigrants And The Practice And Politics Of Islam In Duisburg-marxloh, Germany / Patricia Ehrkamp -- Ch. 3. Visible Minorities : Constructing And Deconstructing The 'muslim Iranian' Diaspora / Cameron Mcauliffe -- Ch. 4. The Other Within The Same : Some Aspects Of Scottish-pakistani Identity In Suburban Glasgow / Sadiq Mir -- Ch. 5. Migration And The Construction Of Muslim Women's Identity In Northern Ireland / Gabriele Marranci -- Ch. 6. Reconstructing 'muslimness' : New Bodies In Urban Indonesia / Sonja Van Wichelen -- Ch. 7. Safe And Risky Spaces : Gender, Ethnicity And Culture In The Leisure Lives Of Young South Asian Women / Eileen Green And Carrie Singleton -- Ch. 8. Daughters Of Islam, Sisters In Sport / Tess Kay -- Ch. 9. Cultural Muslims : The Evolution Of Muslim Identity In Soviet And Post-soviet Central Asia / William C. Rowe -- Ch. 10. Islam And National Development : A Cross-cultural Comparison Of The Role Of Religion In The Process Of Economic Development And Cultural Change / Samuel Zalanga -- Ch. 11. Young Muslim Men's Experiences Of Local Landscapes After 11 September 2001 -- Peter E. Hopkins. Edited By Cara Aitchison, Peter Hopkins And Mei-po Kwan. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. In recent years, geographies of identities, including those of ethnicity, religion, 'race' and gender, have formed an increasing focus of contemporary human geography. The events of September 11th, 2001 particularly illustrated the ways in which identities can be transformed across time and space by both global and local events of a social, cultural, political and economic nature. Such transformations have also demonstrated the temporal and spatial construction of hate and fear, and of increasing incidences of 'Islamophobia' through the construction of Muslims as 'the Other'. As the social scientific study of religion continues to be marginalized within mainstream scholarship, there remains an important gap in the literature. This timely book addresses this gap by collecting a range of cutting-edge contributions from the social, cultural, political, historical and economic sub-disciplines of geography, together with writings from gender studies, cultural studies and leisure studies where research has revealed a strong spatial dimension to the construction, representation, contestation and reworking of Muslim identities. The contributors illustrate the ways in which such identities are constructed, represented, negotiated and contested in everyday life in a wide variety of international contexts, focusing upon issues connected with diaspora, gender and belonging. 'Fear' in the twenty-first century has greater currency in western societies than ever before. Through scares ranging from cot death, juvenile crime, internet porn, asylum seekers, dirty bombs and avian flu, we are bombarded with messages about emerging risks. This book takes stock of a range of issues of 'fear' and presents new theoretical arguments and research findings that cover topics as diverse as the war on terror, the immigration crisis, stranger danger, global disease epidemics and sectarian violence. This book charts the association of fear discourses with particular spaces, times, social identities and sets of geopolitical relations. It examines the ways in which fear may be manufactured and manipulated for political purposes, sometimes becoming a tool of repression, and relates fear to political, economic and social marginalization at different scales. Furthermore, it highlights the importance and sometimes unpredictability of everyday lived experiences of fear - the many ways in which people recognize, make sense of and manage fear; the extent of resistance to fear; the relation of fear and hope in everyday life; and the role of emotions in galvanizing political and social action and change. In this original work James Duncan explores the transformation of Ceylon during the mid-nineteenth century into one of the most important coffee growing regions of the world and investigates the consequent ecological disaster which erased coffee from the island. Using this fascinating case study by way of illustration, In the Shadows of the Tropics reveals the spatial unevenness and fragmentation of modernity through a focus on modern governmentality and biopower. It argues that the practices of colonial power, and the differences that race and tropical climates were thought to make, were central to the working out of modern governmental rationalities. In this context, the usefulness of Foucault's notions of biopower, discipline and governmentality are examined. The work contributes an important rural focus to current work on studies of governmentality in geography and offers a welcome non-state dimension by considering the role of the plantation economy and individual capitalists in the lives and deaths of labourers, the destabilization of subsistence farming and the aggressive re-territorialization of populations from India to Ceylon. The promotion of night-time economies in town centres across Britain has sparked new fears about disorder, violence and binge-drinking. However, there has been little consideration of the social and cultural benefits of a diverse urban nightlife. This timely work examines the processes that have led to a mainstreaming of subcultural expression at night, and the impact of legislation aimed at providing the police and councils with new powers to manage and contain the'social problem'of contemporary nightlife. Based on an ethnographic study of a London locality, the book examines the unwitting consequences of local decision-making, and the contradictory struggles that ensued. Utilizing the concept of the'outsider area'as a space that stands outside of conventional norms, and where cultural innovation and transgression can occur, it explores the social consequences of losing contact with the'other'. Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Plates -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- Introduction: Pictures of Innocence -- 1 National Geographic in the New World Order -- 2 Picturing the World, Imagining the Nation -- 3 Picturing Human Geography: Orders of Science and Art -- 4 Maynard Owen Williams: Contradictions of a 'Seeing-Man' -- 5 Harriet Chalmers Adams: Intricacies of Class, Gender and Gusto -- Afterword -- Bibliography -- Index Identities can be transformed across time and space by both global and local events. This timely book collects a range of cutting-edge contributions to illustrate the ways in which Muslim identities are constructed, represented, negotiated and contested in everyday life in a wide variety of international contexts, focusing upon issues connected with diaspora, gender and belonging Investigates the transformation of Ceylon during the mid-19th century into one of the most important coffee growing regions of the world and the subsequent, sudden removal of coffee from the island. This book shows the spatial unevenness and fragmentation of modernity through a focus on modern governmentality and biopower. Chapters include: 'Negotiating Research into the Regulation of 'Outsider' areas', 'Urban Regeneration, Conflict and Change', 'From Nightlife to the 'Night-time Economy'', 'Licensing and the Loss of Political and Moral Authority' and 'Licensing, Policing and the Informal Mechanics of Exclusion' The aim of this book is to critique and disentangle the engagement between geopolitics and everyday fears. It traces empirically, and accounts critically, for the inscription into lives, times and societies of everyday fears and practices as well as gobal discourses and events This work is structured in three parts: the first part addresses issues of diaspora, the second part looks at gender issues, and the final part seeks to draw together some of these discussions of diaspora and gender through an exploration of issues of belonging