سرنوشت‌های موازی جلد ۱: مجموعه‌ای از آکادمی‌های تزکیه با الهام از شیانشیا/ووشیا

It would be hard to overstate how important this work is in contemporary philosophy, to say nothing of the other fields it has influenced. Aside from the more practical implications in understanding the way our minds work, it has some really radical arguments of the sort that would once have been called metaphysical, dealing with the nature of reality. In particular, it sheds light on the objectivist paradigm, showing that this way of treating the natural world is, after all, just one way of looking at things, useful in certain circumstances, but by no means universally valid (whatever that might mean). Not exactly delightful prose, but clear and well organized. Metaphor, The Authors Explain, Is A Fundamental Mechanism Of Mind, One That Allows Us To Use What We Know About Our Physical And Social Experience To Provide Understanding Of Countless Other Subjects. Because Such Metaphors Structure Our Most Basic Understandings Of Our Experience, They Are Metaphors We Live By--metaphors That Can Shape Our Perceptions And Actions Without Our Ever Noticing Them. --from Publisher Description. 1. Concepts We Live By -- 2. The Systematicity Of Metaphorical Concepts -- 3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting And Hiding -- 4. Orientational Metaphors -- 5. Metaphor And Cultural Coherence -- 6. Ontological Metaphors -- 7. Personification -- 8. Metonymy -- 9. Challenges To Metaphorical Coherence -- 10. Some Further Examples -- 11. The Partial Nature Of Metaphorical Structuring -- 12. How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded? -- 13. The Grounding Of Structural Metaphors -- 14. Causation: Partly Emergent And Partly Metaphorical -- 15. The Coherent Structuring Of Experience -- 16. Metaphorical Coherence -- 17. Complex Coherences Across Metaphors -- 18. Some Consequences For Theories Of Conceptual Structure -- 19. Definition And Understanding -- 20. How Metaphor Can Give Meaning To Form -- 21. New Meaning -- 22. The Creation Of Similarity -- 23. Metaphor, Truth, And Action -- 24. Truth -- 25. The Myths Of Objectivism And Subjectivism -- 26. The Myth Of Objectivism In Western Philosophy And Linguistics -- 27. How Metaphor Reveals The Limitations Of The Myth Of Objectivism -- 28. Some Inadequacies Of The Myth Of Subjectivism -- 29. The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning To The Old Myths -- 30. Understanding. George Lakoff And Mark Johnson. Originally Published: Chicago : University Of Chicago Press, 1980. Includes Bibliographical References. Innholdsfortegnelse i Word:......Page 1 Contents......Page 4 Acknowledgments......Page 6 1. Concepts We Live By......Page 8 2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts......Page 11 3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding......Page 13 4. Orientational Metaphors......Page 16 5. Metaphor and Cultural Coherence......Page 21 6 Ontological Metaphors......Page 23 7. Personification......Page 28 8. Metonymy......Page 29 9. Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence......Page 34 10. Some Further Examples......Page 37 11. The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring......Page 41 12. How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?......Page 44 13. The Grounding of Structural Metaphors......Page 48 14. Causation: Partly Emergent and Partly Metaphorical......Page 54 15 The Coherent Structuring of Experience......Page 59 16. Metaphorical Coherence......Page 66 17.Complex Coherences across Metaphors......Page 73 18. Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual Structure......Page 79 19 Definition and Understanding......Page 85 20. How Metaphor Can Give Meaning to Form......Page 92 21. New Meaning......Page 102 22. The Creation of Similarity......Page 107 23. Metaphor, Truth, and Action......Page 114 24. Truth......Page 116 25. The Myths of Objectivism and Subjectivism......Page 133 26. The Myth of Objectivism in Western Philosophy and Linguistics......Page 140 27. How Metaphor Reveals the Limitations of the Myth of Objectivism......Page 149 28. Some Inadequacies of the Myth of Subjectivism......Page 158 29. The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning to the Old Myths......Page 161 30. Understanding......Page 163 Afterword......Page 168 References......Page 169 Afterword, 2003......Page 170 References......Page 191 George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) Metaphors we live by. London: The university of Chicago press. 1 Noter om layout: 1 Innholdsfortegnelse i Word: 1 Contents 4 6 Acknowledgments 6 1. Concepts We Live By 8 2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts 11 3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding 13 4. Orientational Metaphors 16 5. Metaphor and Cultural Coherence 21 6 Ontological Metaphors 23 7. Personification 28 8. Metonymy 29 9. Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence 34 10. Some Further Examples 37 11. The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring 41 12. How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded? 44 13. The Grounding of Structural Metaphors 48 14. Causation: Partly Emergent and Partly Metaphorical 54 15 The Coherent Structuring of Experience 59 16. Metaphorical Coherence 66 17.Complex Coherences across Metaphors 73 18. Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual Structure 79 19 Definition and Understanding 85 20. How Metaphor Can Give Meaning to Form 92 21. New Meaning 102 22. The Creation of Similarity 107 23. Metaphor, Truth, and Action 114 24. Truth 116 25. The Myths of Objectivism and Subjectivism 133 26. The Myth of Objectivism in Western Philosophy and Linguistics 140 27. How Metaphor Reveals the Limitations of the Myth of Objectivism 149 28. Some Inadequacies of the Myth of Subjectivism 158 29. The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning to the Old Myths 161 30. Understanding 163 Afterword 168 References 169 Afterword, 2003 170 References 191 The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by", metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them. In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book, the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language. The authors argue that basic metaphors not only affect the way we communicate ideas, but actually structure our perceptions & understandings from the beginning. Bringing together perspectives from linguistics & philosophy, they offer an intriguing guide to common metaphors