Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment : Proceedings of a Workshop Organised by The Health Council of the Netherlands, Held in Driebergen, The Netherlands, April 22–24, 1998

Global pesticide use is currently estimated at approximately 2. 5 billion kg per year (Pimentel eta/. , 1998). To be effective, pesticides need to persist for a certain period of time. However, the longer their persistence, the greater the potential for transport of a fraction of the amount applied away from the target area. Pesticides are dispersed in the environment by water currents, wind, or biota. Pesticides can directly contaminate ground and surface waters by leaching, surface run-off and drift. Pesticides can also enter the atmosphere during application by evaporation and drift of small spray droplets, that remain airborne. Following application, pesticides may volatilise from the crop or the soil. Finally, wind erosion can cause soil particles and dust loaded with pesticides to enter the atmosphere. The extent to which pesticides enter the air compartment is dependent upon many factors: the properties of the substance in question (e. g. vapour pressure), the amount used, the method of application, the formulation, the weather conditions (such as wind speed, temperature, humidity), the nature of the crop and soil characteristics. Measurements at application sites reveal that sometimes more than half of the amount applied is lost into the atmosphere within a few days (Spencer and Cliath, 1990; Taylor and Spencer; 1990; Van den Berg et a/. , this issue). Front Matter....Pages i-1 Atmospheric Transport of Pesticides: Assessing Environmental Risks....Pages 3-4 Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides in the Atmosphere; the Results of an International Workshop....Pages 5-19 Atmospheric Dispersion of Current-Use Pesticides: A Review of the Evidence from Monitoring Studies....Pages 21-70 Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides Subject to Long-Range Transport....Pages 71-81 Micrometeorologic Methods for Measuring the Post-Application Volatilization of Pesticides....Pages 83-113 Atmospheric Transport and Air-Surface Exchange of Pesticides....Pages 115-166 Modelling of Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Pesticides....Pages 167-182 Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Air....Pages 183-194 Emission of Pesticides into the Air....Pages 195-218 Transformations of Pesticides in the Atmosphere: A State of the Art....Pages 219-243 Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Pesticides: An Assessment of Current Knowledge....Pages 245-256 Implementing Atmospheric Fate in Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pesticides: (How) Can it be Done?....Pages 257-266 Back Matter....Pages 267-276

This volume contains the proceedings of an international workshop on the issue of 'Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere - Implications for Risk Assessment' held in 1998 in The Netherlands.
Topics include emission, dispersion, transport and transformations of pesticides in the atmosphere, and the ecotoxicological risks of pesticides in remote areas. Laboratory and field measurements are reviewed, and modeling of the atmospheric processes that affect pesticides are discussed. Various risk assessment approaches are presented, and possible statutory environmental criteria that could be incorporated into pesticide regulation in order to limit their atmospheric dispersion are explored.
This is the first book to present a complete review of the science of this subject with the aim of investigating the possibilities of incorporating long-range transport potential of pesticides into prools for estimating their environmental risks and their registration.
This book will be important for atmospheric and pesticide scientists, pesticide manufacturers, pesticide regulators, and risk assessors.

This volume contains the proceedings of an international workshop on the issue of `Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere - Implications for Risk Assessment' held in 1998 in The Netherlands. Topics include emission, dispersion, transport and transformations of pesticides in the atmosphere, and the ecotoxicological risks of pesticides in remote areas. Laboratory and field measurements are reviewed, and modeling of the atmospheric processes that affect pesticides are discussed. Various risk assessment approaches are presented, and possible statutory environmental criteria that could be incorporated into pesticide regulation in order to limit their atmospheric dispersion are explored. This is the first book to present a complete review of the science of this subject with the aim of investigating the possibilities of incorporating long-range transport potential of pesticides into protocols for estimating their environmental risks and their registration. This book will be important for atmospheric and pesticide scientists, pesticide manufacturers, pesticide regulators, and risk assessors