Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting

This book covers the next generation of power transfer in which power is transmitted via energy harvesting applications. It describes far-field Wireless Power Transfers (WPT) and why it is considered a special type of power transfer where power is transmitted through wireless power sources like radio waves, Wi-Fi, and TV broadcasting signals rather than utilizing near field wireless power sources. The book is the first of its kind to explain far-field WPT and energy harvesting technology from the same viewpoint. It provides you with an application-oriented review of how the latest WPT and energy harvesting tech can solve practical real-world problems. You will also get insight to R & D activities and regulations for commercial products in the future market. The book helps you understand the theory of far field WPT, and you will learn about the rising market for power transfer, factory automation (FA) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors. With its comprehensive and unique coverage combining WPT and energy harvesting technology, this is an excellent resource for researchers, graduate students and engineers looking to further their knowledge on the theory of far field wireless power transfer. Artech House Electromagnetic Analysis Library Far-Field Wireless Power Transferand Energy Harvesting 2 Contents 6 Preface 10 Chapter 1 General Introduction 12 1.1 History of Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 12 1.2 Technical Introduction of WPT/Harvesting 18 1.2.1 Rectennas for WPT/Harvesting 19 1.2.2 Beamforming for WPT 21 1.3 Current Status of Commercialization/Regulation/Research on WPT/Harvesting 25 References 31 Chapter 2 In-Room Wide-Beam WPT and Its Applications 34 2.1 Overview of Wide-Beam WPT 34 2.2 Approximation of Received Power 35 2.3 Design of Receiving Antenna 36 2.4 Management of Received Power 41 2.5 Application of Health Monitoring Sensor 43 2.6 Application of Infrastructure Monitoring Sensor 45 2.7 Distributed WPT 46 2.8 Conclusion 49 References 51 Chapter 3 Radiative Wireless Power Transfer 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Transmitter 52 3.2.1 Wireless Power Transmitter 54 3.2.2 PWSN: Passive Nodes 57 3.3 Wireless Experimental Results 64 3.4 Discussion 67 References 68 Chapter 4 Wireless Power Transfer Enabled Wireless Communication 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 WPT and Backscatter Channels 73 4.3 Backscatter Communication Principle and Channel Model 76 4.3.1 The Principle of Backscatter Communication 76 4.3.2 Channel Coding in Backscatter Communication 78 4.3.3 Dyadic Backscatter Channel and MIMO Backscatter 80 4.4 Demodulation of Backscatter Signal 81 4.4.1 Pulsewidth Measurement Demodulation 83 4.4.2 PSK Demodulation 84 References 85 Chapter 5 Medical Applications 88 5.1 Introduction 88 5.2 Planar Phase-Controlled Metasurface 89 5.2.1 Conformal Metasurfaces for Wireless Power Transfer 90 5.2.2 Wireless Power Transfer for Implantable Devices In Vivo 91 5.3 Wireless Optogenetics 95 5.3.1 Cavity Resonator Capable of Powering Ultrasmall Wireless Optogenetics 96 5.3.2 Peripheral Nerves Stimulations 97 5.4 Introduction to Long-Range Wireless Communication Technology 98 5.5 Conclusion 100 References 101 Chapter 6 Indoor/Outdoor-Beam WPT with Beamforming 104 6.1 Indoor-Beam WPT 104 6.2 Outdoor-Beam WPT 108 6.3 Beam WPT in Space 113 References 118 Chapter 7 Solar Power Satellite 120 7.1 Introduction 120 7.2 History 121 7.3 Concepts 121 7.4 Challenges 122 7.4.1 Technical 123 7.4.2 Economic 124 7.4.3 Legal 126 7.4.4 Schedule 126 7.5 Conclusion 127 References 127 Chapter 8 Low-Power Integrated Circuit Design for Energy Harvesting 130 8.1 Introduction 130 8.2 RF Energy Harvesting System 130 8.3 RF Rectifier 131 8.3.1 Basic Topology of a Rectifier 131 8.3.2 Operating Principle 132 8.3.3 Internal Resistance Modeling of Multistage Rectifier 133 8.4 Design Challenge of Low-Power Active Rectifier IC 135 8.4.1 Transit Frequency 135 8.4.2 Structure of MOSFET Devices in n-Well Process 136 8.4.3 Vdrop Comparison 136 8.4.4 Cross-Coupled Architecture of an Active Rectifier 136 8.4.5 Multistage RF Active Rectifier 138 8.4.6 Design and Optimization of Flying Capacitance 140 8.5 Design Examples 141 8.5.1 Example No. 1 141 8.5.2 Example No. 2 142 8.5.3 Example No.3 144 8.6 Conclusion 147 References 147 Chapter 9 Energy Harvesting for Smart Grid Application 148 9.1 Self-Powered Wireless Sensors in Smart Grid 148 9.2 Magnetic Field Energy Harvesting 151 9.2.1 Cabled-Clamped Magnetic Field Energy Harvester 153 9.2.2 Free-Standing Magnetic Field Energy Harvester 156 9.3 Electric Field Energy Harvesting 160 9.4 Conclusions 161 References 162 Chapter 10 Energy Harvesting from Low-Power Density Environments 166 10.1 Introduction 166 10.2 Wideband Antenna Design 166 10.3 Wide Beamwidth Antenna Design 169 10.3.1 Potential Modes of a Metasurface 170 10.3.2 Geometry of the Proposed Metasurface Antenna 173 10.3.3 Rectifier Design 174 10.3.4 Measurement Result 175 10.4 Conclusion 178 References 179 Chapter 11 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Wireless Energy Harvesting 182 11.1 Introduction 182 11.2 Design of Single-Mode Resonant Metasurfaces for Energy Harvesting 183 11.2.1 Design of Ring-Shaped Wi-Fi Band Energy Harvester 183 11.2.2 Complementary Split-Ring Resonator High-Frequency Wi-Fi Energy Harvester Design 187 11.3 Design of Multimode Resonant Metasurfaces for Energy Harvesting 190 11.3.1 Design of Energy Harvester with Nested Ring Structure 190 11.3.2 Design of Butterfly-Type Metasurfaces for Three-Band Energy Harvester 192 11.4 Design of Rectifying Metasurfaces 195 11.4.1 Metasurfaces Element and Rectifier Design 195 11.4.2 Array Design and Testing of RMS 201 11.5 An Optically Transparent Metantenna for RF Wireless Energy Harvesting 206 11.5.1 Design of Optically Transparent Metantenna 207 11.5.2 Wireless Energy Harvesting Performance 209 11.6 Summary and Conclusion 212 References 214 List of Acronyms 220 About the Editors 224 List of Contributors 225 Index 226 Electromagnetics;,Far-field,power;,Wirless,power,transfer;,Energy,harvesting;,Artech,House;,978-1-63081-912-5 Electromagnetics,Far-field power,Wirless power transfer,Energy harvesting,Artech House,978-1-63081-912-5