Family Socialization, Race, and Inequality in the United States (National Symposium on Family Issues, 14)

This book examines the ways in which families can address racial and ethnic inequalities and racism and the impacts of these systems on health, education, and other family and family member outcomes. It addresses the historical context of race and racism in the United States, ethnic-racial socialization in families of color, and White parents’ attitudes and practices related to antiracist socialization. Chapters describe structural racism, debunk the myth of racial progress, and explore the representation of race and racism in family research; provide a historical account of ethnic-racial socialization literature, propose a model of ethnic-racial socialization of Latinx families; describe how racial socialization can be used therapeutically; and address White normativity, expand models of White racial socialization and learning, and grapple with the complexities of antiracist socialization. Finally, the volume offers recommendations for the field of family research to meaningfully include race and racism as well as provides suggestions for translational work in this area related to policies, programs, and practice. Featured areas of coverage include: Ethnic and racial socialization among families of color. White racial socialization and racial learning. Antiracist socialization. Opportunities for family research on race and racism to be used to enhance family policies and intervention programming. Family Socialization, Race, and Inequality in the United States is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, clinicians, professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology, family studies, and sociology, as well as interrelated disciplines, including demography, social work, prevention science, public health, educational policy, political science, and economics. Acknowledgments About the Book Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Race and Racism in the United States Chapter 1: The Role of Structural Racism for Inequality in Family Poverty: Why Context Matters The Sociological Imagination: The Significance of Macrosocial and Historical Context Persistent Racial Disparities in Poverty, Income, and Wealth Race and Structural Racism in the United States Contextualizing Race as a Social Construct Structural Racism Individual Context and Racial Disparities across Families in Research Emphasizing Single Motherhood as a Poverty & Inequality Mechanism Challenging the Emphasis on Family Structure in Explaining Racial Inequality Implications for Research and Policy References Chapter 2: The Myth of Racial Progress in Post-Race America Racial Progress: Fact and Fiction Quality of Life Indicators: One Step Forward... Income: Chasing the White Dollar Inheriting Wealth, Inheriting Poverty, and the Consequences of Education The Wealth–Education Nexus: Qualified Progress, Racialized Debt Education, Wealth, and Racialized Debt Optimistic Distortions: How White People Perceive Wealth by Race Black Lives Matter: Racial Progress and the Reckoning That Wasn’t Regression to the Racial Norm: Progress, Backlash, and Status Quo References Chapter 3: Race and Racism in Family Research Methods: Review of Family Research Scope Coding Publications for Use of Race Analysis Results Frequency of Race Mentions How Race Was Mentioned How Do These Results Compare? Disciplinary Differences Perspectives on Race Guiding Examples of Race and Racism in Family Research Incorporating Nuances of Race White Is a Race, Too Discussing (Structural) Racism Making Race and Racism Central in Family Research: A Call to Action References Part II: Racial/Ethnic Socialization in Families of Color Chapter 4: Research and Scholarship on Racial Socialization: Getting Here Race, Racial Socialization, and Structural Racism: A Note on Terminology Defining the Concept: What Is Racial Socialization? The Emergence of Social Science Research on Racial Socialization What Have We Learned About Racial Socialization? Cultural Socialization: How Parents Support Positive Identities Preparation for Racism, Bias, and Discrimination: How Parents Support Youth How Parents Can Promote Resistance to White Supremacy and Anti-Racism Summary Needed Directions for Racial Socialization Research Expanded Conceptual and Methodological Approaches Experiments and Interventions for Causal Inference Expanding our Gaze to Other Socializing Agents What Children Learn from Racialized Patterns across Settings: Racial Regularities Anti-Racism, Critical Race Consciousness, and Resistance Conclusion References Chapter 5: Racial-Ethnic Socialization in Latinx Families: Cultural Resilience and Coping Racial Ethnic Socialization in Latinx Families A Model of Cultural Resilience Cultural Resilience: Values and Beliefs Cultural Resilience: Behaviors and Coping Intervention Applications Conclusions References Chapter 6: Therapeutic Use of Racial Socialization for Families of Color and Clinicians Rationale for Clinician Training in Racial Socialization Youth Experiences of Racism Racial Socialization Clinicians as Agents of Racial Socialization Incorporating Racial Socialization into Clinical Practice A Framework Towards Racial Socialization Integration: RECAST Improving Clinician Training with Racial Socialization Knowledge of Racism: Self-Education Broaching Race and Racism through Evidence-Based Practice Address and Redress Racism with Clients: Future Orientation Meeting the Training Needs of Different Providers Graduate Program Recommendations Practitioners and Supervisors Organizational Leadership Limitations in Implementation of Training Programs Future Directions Confidence or Self-Efficacy Skills Development and Practice Stress Management Conclusion References Part III: Antiracist Socialization in White Families Chapter 7: Upending White Normativity in Parenting Research Approaches to Parenting Research Whiteness in Domain-Specific Parenting Research Absence of Racial Socialization Studies of White Families Presence of White Supremacy in Domain-Specific Parenting Research Implicit Centering of Whiteness in Parenting Research Legacy of Deficit Models of Human Development Ignoring Culture and Privilege in White Families Critical Reflection of White Normativity in Parenting Research: An Illustrative Example Recommendations for Upending White Normativity in Parenting Research Recommendations for Research on White Racialization Socialization Broad Recommendations for Parenting Research Conceptualize White Supremacy as a Context of Development Scrutinize Existing Methodologies for Implicit White Normativity Measure Racial Development Addressing the Anti-CRT Movement in Parenting Research Conclusion References Chapter 8: White Families’ Communications About Racism and Politics: Expanding Theories of White Racial Socialization and Racial Learning Learning Politics, Learning Race Methods Data and Findings Perceptions of Family Communications: Politics and Current Events More Than Race Commiserating, Celebrating, Arguing: Trump’s Racism Understanding Political Identity as Tied to Racial Attitudes Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 9: Expert-Guided Antiracism Among Progressive White Parents: The Promise and Limits of Antiracist White Parenting What Is Antiracism? Antiracism as Consciousness Raising: Unlearning Whiteness Antiracism as White Accountability Antiracism as White Divestment Antiracism as Political Participation Antiracist White Parenting Data and Methodological Approach Setting: Asheville, North Carolina Data Findings Consciousness-Raising Practices Exposure-Oriented Parenting: Exposure to Diversity and Color-Conscious Talk White Accountability: A Practice in Allyship White Divestment Discussion and Conclusions References Part IV: Conclusions and Future Directions Chapter 10: Reconsidering Family Ethnic-Racial Socialization: Challenges, Progress, and Directions for Future Research Macrosocial and Historical Contexts of Race/Ethnicity and Racism in the United States Impact of Racism and Minoritization on Families and Youth Ethnic-Racial Socialization Ethnic-Racial Socialization in Families of Color Ethnic-Racial Socialization in White Families Future Directions for Family Scholarship on Race/Ethnicity Implications for Family-Focused Policy, Education and Practice Conclusion References Index