Fake Empire

Authoritative. Accurate. Accessible. Brock Biology of Microorganisms setsthe standard for accuracy, impeccable scholarship, a visually stunning art program,and the use of cutting-edge research to illustrate basic concepts. The textguides students through the six major themes of microbiology — Evolution, CellStructure and Function, Metabolic Pathways, Information Flow and Genetics,Microbial Systems, and the Impact of Microorganisms — as outlined by theAmerican Society for Microbiology Conference on Undergraduate Education(ASMCUE). This robust and modern approach takes students through the genomicsrevolution and “omics” maze that has transformed microbiology and sharespowerful tools that microbiologists use to probe deeper and further into themicrobial world than ever before. The 16th Edition expands the extraordinary artprogram to ensure students experience microbiology as a visual science whileproviding an overview of the microbial world with basic principles thatstudents all need to master. Each chapter’s theme focuses on a recent discoverythat connects students with the most current science and engages them withexciting, real-world topics. Cover Brief Contents Visual Walkthrough Authoritative. Accurate. Accessible Making Connections Across Concepts in Microbiology Cutting-Edge Content Empower Each Learner with Mastering Microbiology (I) Empower Each Learner with Mastering Microbiology (II) Pearson eText: A Whole New Reading Experience Title Page Copyright About the Authors Dedications Preface Acknowledgments Acknowledgments for the Global Edition Contents ASM Recommended Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Microbiology Unit 1. The Foundations of Microbiology 1. The Microbial World MicrobiologyNow Microbiology in Motion I • Exploring the Microbial World 1.1 Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth 1.2 Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells 1.3 Cell Size and Morphology 1.4 An Introduction to Microbial Life 1.5 Microorganisms and the Biosphere 1.6 The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Society II • Microscopy and the Origins of Microbiology 1.7 Light Microscopy and the Discovery of Microorganisms 1.8 Improving Contrast in Light Microscopy 1.9 Imaging Cells in Three Dimensions 1.10 Probing Cell Structure: Electron Microscopy III • Microbial Cultivation Expands the Horizon of Microbiology 1.11 Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation 1.12 Koch, Infectious Diseases, and Pure Cultures 1.13 Discovery of Microbial Diversity IV • Molecular Biology and the Unity and Diversity of Life 1.14 Molecular Basis of Life 1.15 Woese and the Tree of Life Explore the Microbial World Tiny Cells 2. Microbial Cell Structure and Function MicrobiologyNow Exploring the Microbial Cell I • The Cell Envelope 2.1 The Cytoplasmic Membrane 2.2 Transporting Nutrients into the Cell 2.3 The Cell Wall 2.4 LPS: The Outer Membrane 2.5 Diversity of Cell Envelope Structure II • Cell Surface Structures and Inclusions 2.6 Cell Surface Structures 2.7 Cell Inclusions 2.8 Endospores III • Cell Locomotion 2.9 Flagella, Archaella, and Swimming Motility 2.10 Surface Motility 2.11 Chemotaxis 2.12 Other Forms of Taxis IV • Eukaryotic Microbial Cells 2.13 The Nucleus and Cell Division 2.14 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 2.15 Other Eukaryotic Cell Structures 3. Microbial Metabolism MicrobiologyNow Life Begins with Metabolism I • Fundamentals of Metabolism 3.1 Defining the Requirements for Life 3.2 Electron Transfer Reactions 3.3 Calculating Changes in Free Energy 3.4 Cellular Energy Conservation 3.5 Catalysis and Enzymes II • Catabolism: Chemoorganotrophs 3.6 Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the Glyoxylate Cycle 3.7 Principles of Fermentation 3.8 Principles of Respiration: Electron Carriers 3.9 Principles of Respiration: Generating a Proton Motive Force III • Catabolism: Electron Transport and Metabolic Diversity 3.10 Anaerobic Respiration and Metabolic Modularity 3.11 Chemolithotrophy and Phototrophy IV • Biosynthesis 3.12 Autotrophy and Nitrogen Fixation 3.13 Sugars and Polysaccharides 3.14 Amino Acids and Nucleotides 3.15 Fatty Acids and Lipids 4. Microbial Growth and Its Control MicrobiologyNow Growing Their Own Way I • Culturing Microbes and Measuring Their Growth 4.1 Feeding the Microbe: Cell Nutrition 4.2 Growth Media and Laboratory Culture 4.3 Microscopic Counts of Microbial Cell Numbers 4.4 Viable Counting of Microbial Cell Numbers 4.5 Turbidimetric Measures of Microbial Cell Numbers II • Dynamics of Microbial Growth 4.6 Binary Fission and the Microbial Growth Cycle 4.7 Quantitative Aspects of Microbial Growth 4.8 Continuous Culture 4.9 Biofilm Growth 4.10 Alternatives to Binary Fission III • Environmental Effects on Growth: Temperature 4.11 Temperature Classes of Microorganisms 4.12 Microbial Life in the Cold 4.13 Microbial Life at High Temperatures IV • Environmental Effects on Growth: pH, Osmolarity, and Oxygen 4.14 Effects of pH on Microbial Growth 4.15 Osmolarity and Microbial Growth 4.16 Oxygen and Microbial Growth V • Controlling Microbial Growth 4.17 General Principles and Microbial Growth Control by Heat 4.18 Other Physical Control Methods: Radiation and Filtration 4.19 Chemical Control of Microbial Growth 5. Viruses and Their Multiplication MicrobiologyNow When Antibiotics Fail, Bacteriophage Therapy to the Rescue I • The Nature of Viruses 5.1 What Is a Virus? 5.2 Structure of the Virion 5.3 Culturing, Detecting, and Counting Viruses II • Overview of the Viral Replication Cycle 5.4 Steps in the Replication Cycle 5.5 Bacteriophage T4: A Model Lytic Virus 5.6 Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny 5.7 An Overview of Viruses of Eukaryotes Unit 2. Molecular Biology and Genetics 6. Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing MicrobiologyNow Injectisomes: Salmonella’s Mode of Attack I • Molecular Biology and Genetic Elements 6.1 DNA and Genetic Information Flow 6.2 Genetic Elements: Chromosomes and Plasmids II • Copying the Genetic Blueprint: DNA Replication 6.3 Templates, Enzymes, and the Replication Fork 6.4 Bidirectional Replication, the Replisome, and Proofreading III • RNA Synthesis: Transcription 6.5 Transcription in Bacteria 6.6 Transcription in Archaea and Eukarya IV • Protein Synthesis: Translation 6.7 Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins 6.8 Transfer RNA 6.9 Translation and the Genetic Code 6.10 The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis V • Protein Processing, Secretion, and Targeting 6.11 Assisted Protein Folding and Chaperones 6.12 Protein Secretion: The Sec and Tat Systems 6.13 Protein Secretion: Gram-Negative Systems 7. Microbial Regulatory Systems MicrobiologyNow As Bacterial Cells Chatter, Viruses Eavesdrop I • DNA-Binding Proteins and Transcriptional Regulation 7.1 DNA-Binding Proteins 7.2 Transcription Factors and Effectors 7.3 Repression and Activation 7.4 Transcription Controls in Archaea II • Sensing and Signal Transduction 7.5 Two-Component Regulatory Systems 7.6 Regulation of Chemotaxis 7.7 Cell-to-Cell Signaling III • Global Control 7.8 The lac Operon 7.9 Stringent and General Stress Responses 7.10 The Phosphate (Pho) Regulon 7.11 The Heat Shock Response IV • RNA-Based Regulation 7.12 Regulatory RNAs 7.13 Riboswitches 7.14 Attenuation V • Regulation of Enzymes and Other Proteins 7.15 Feedback Inhibition 7.16 Post-Translational Regulation 8. Molecular Aspects of Microbial Growth MicrobiologyNow Membrane Vesicles: Nano Vehicles Transporting Important Cargo I • Bacterial Cell Division 8.1 Visualizing Molecular Growth 8.2 Chromosome Replication and Segregation 8.3 Cell Division and Fts Proteins 8.4 Determinants of Cell Morphology 8.5 Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis II • Regulation of Development in Model Bacteria 8.6 Regulation of Endospore Formation 8.7 Regulation of Endospore Germination 8.8 Caulobacter Differentiation 8.9 Heterocyst Formation in Anabaena 8.10 Biofilm Formation III • Antibiotics and Microbial Growth 8.11 Antibiotic Targets and Antibiotic Resistance 8.12 Persistence and Dormancy 9. Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea MicrobiologyNow Live Cell Imaging Captures Bacterial Promiscuity I • Mutation 9.1 Mutations and Mutants 9.2 Molecular Basis of Mutation 9.3 Reversions and Mutation Rates 9.4 Mutagenesis II • Gene Transfer in Bacteria 9.5 Genetic Recombination 9.6 Transformation 9.7 Transduction 9.8 Conjugation 9.9 The Formation of Hfr Strains and Chromosome Mobilization III • Gene Transfer in Archaea and Other Genetic Events 9.10 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Archaea 9.11 Mobile DNA: Transposable Elements 9.12 Preserving Genomic Integrity and CRISPR Unit 3. Genomics, Synthetic Biology, and Evolution 10. Microbial Genomics and Other Omics MicrobiologyNow Omics Tools Unravel Mysteries of “Fettuccine” Rocks I • Genomics 10.1 Introduction to Genomics 10.2 Sequencing and Annotating Genomes 10.3 Genome Size and Gene Content in Bacteria and Archaea 10.4 Organelle and Eukaryotic Microbial Genomes II • Functional Omics 10.5 Functional Genomics 10.6 High-Throughput Functional Gene Analysis: Tn-Seq 10.7 Metagenomics 10.8 Gene Chips and Transcriptomics 10.9 Proteomics and the Interactome 10.10 Metabolomics III • Systems Biology 10.11 Single-Cell Genomics 10.12 Integrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Omics 10.13 Systems Biology and Human Health Explore the Microbial World DNA Sequencing in the Palm of Your Hand 11. Viral Genomics and Diversity MicrobiologyNow Bacteriophages Mimicking Eukaryotes—Discovery of a Phage-Encoded Nucleus and Spindle I • Viral Genomes and Classification 11.1 Size and Structure of Viral Genomes 11.2 Viral Taxonomy and Phylogeny II • DNA Viruses 11.3 Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: φX174 and M13 11.4 Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: T4, T7, and Lambda 11.5 Viruses of Archaea 11.6 Uniquely Replicating DNA Animal Viruses 11.7 DNA Tumor Viruses III • RNA Viruses 11.8 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses 11.9 Negative-Strand RNA Animal Viruses 11.10 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 11.11 Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase IV • Subviral Agents 11.12 Viroids 11.13 Prions 12. Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology MicrobiologyNow An Ingestible Biosensor: Using Bacteria to Monitor Gastrointestinal Health I • Tools of the Genetic Engineer 12.1 Manipulating DNA: PCR and Nucleic Acid Hybridization 12.2 Molecular Cloning 12.3 Expressing Foreign Genes in Bacteria 12.4 Molecular Methods for Mutagenesis 12.5 Reporter Genes and Gene Fusions II • Making Products from Genetically Engineered Microbes: Biotechnology 12.6 Somatotropin and Other Mammalian Proteins 12.7 Transgenic Organisms in Agriculture and Aquaculture 12.8 Engineered Vaccines and Therapeutic Agents 12.9 Mining Genomes and Engineering Pathways 12.10 Engineering Biofuels III • Synthetic Biology and Genome Editing 12.11 Synthetic Metabolic Pathways, Biosensors, and Genetic Circuits 12.12 Synthetic Cells 12.13 Genome Editing and CRISPRs 12.14 Biocontainment of Genetically Modified Organisms 13. Microbial Evolution and Genome Dynamics MicrobiologyNow Exploring Viral Genesis I • Early Earth and the Origin and Diversification of Life 13.1 Formation and Early History of Earth 13.2 Photosynthesis and the Oxidation of Earth 13.3 Living Fossils: DNA Records the History of Life 13.4 Endosymbiotic Origin of Eukaryotes 13.5 Viral Evolution II • Mechanisms of Microbial Evolution 13.6 The Evolutionary Process 13.7 Experimental Evolution 13.8 Gene Families, Duplications, and Deletions 13.9 Horizontal Gene Transfer 13.10 The Evolution of Microbial Genomes III • Microbial Phylogeny and Systematics 13.11 Molecular Phylogeny: Making Sense of Molecular Sequences 13.12 Microbial Systematics Unit 4. Microbial Diversity 14. Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms MicrobiologyNow Ferreting Out the Peculiar Life of Iron Bacteria I • Introduction to Metabolic Diversity 14.1 Foundational Principles of Metabolic Diversity: Energy and Redox 14.2 Autotrophic Pathways II • Phototrophy 14.3 Photosynthesis and Chlorophylls 14.4 Carotenoids and Phycobilins 14.5 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis 14.6 Oxygenic Photosynthesis III • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Donor 14.7 Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds 14.8 Iron (Fe2+) Oxidation 14.9 Nitrification 14.10 Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (Anammox) IV • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Acceptor 14.11 Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification 14.12 Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction 14.13 Other Electron Acceptors V • One-Carbon (C1) Metabolism 14.14 Acetogenesis 14.15 Methanogenesis 14.16 Methanotrophy VI • Fermentation 14.17 Energetic and Redox Considerations 14.18 Lactic and Mixed-Acid Fermentations 14.19 Fermentations of Obligate Anaerobes 14.20 Secondary Fermentations 14.21 Fermentations That Lack Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 14.22 Syntrophy VII • Hydrocarbon Metabolism 14.23 Aerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism 14.24 Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism 15. Ecological Diversity of Bacteria MicrobiologyNow Cyanobacterial Diversity and Environmental Change I • Ecological Diversity Among Microorganisms 15.1 Making Sense of Microbial Diversity II • Ecological Diversity of Phototrophic Bacteria 15.2 Overview of Phototrophic Bacteria 15.3 Cyanobacteria 15.4 Purple Sulfur Bacteria 15.5 Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria and Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs 15.6 Green Sulfur Bacteria 15.7 Green Nonsulfur Bacteria 15.8 Other Phototrophic Bacteria III • Diversity of Bacteria Defined by Metabolic Traits 15.9 Diversity of Nitrogen Fixers 15.10 Diversity of Nitrifiers and Denitrifiers 15.11 Dissimilative Sulfur- and Sulfate-Reducers 15.12 Dissimilative Sulfur-Oxidizers 15.13 Dissimilative Iron-Reducers 15.14 Dissimilative Iron-Oxidizers 15.15 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs IV • Morphologically and Ecologically Distinctive Bacteria 15.16 Microbial Predators 15.17 Spirochetes 15.18 Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria 15.19 Sheathed Bacteria 15.20 Magnetic Microbes 16. Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria MicrobiologyNow Bacterial Diversity and Human Health I • Proteobacteria 16.1 Alphaproteobacteria 16.2 Betaproteobacteria 16.3 Gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacteriales 16.4 Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadales and Vibrionales 16.5 Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria II • Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria 16.6 Firmicutes: Lactobacillales 16.7 Firmicutes: Nonsporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales 16.8 Firmicutes: Sporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales 16.9 Tenericutes: The Mycoplasmas 16.10 Actinobacteria: Coryneform and Propionic Acid Bacteria 16.11 Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium 16.12 Filamentous Actinobacteria: Streptomyces and Relatives III • Bacteroidetes 16.13 Bacteroidales 16.14 Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales IV • Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia 16.15 Chlamydiae 16.16 Planctomycetes 16.17 Verrucomicrobia V • Hyperthermophilic Bacteria 16.18 Thermotogae and Thermodesulfobacteria 16.19 Aquificae VI • Other Bacteria 16.20 Deinococcus–Thermus 16.21 Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae 16.22 Other Notable Phyla of Bacteria 17. Diversity of Archaea MicrobiologyNow Methanogens and Global Climate Change I • Euryarchaeota 17.1 Extremely Halophilic Archaea 17.2 Methanogenic Archaea 17.3 Thermoplasmatales 17.4 Thermococcales and Archaeoglobales II • Thaumarchaeota and Cryptic Archaeal Phyla 17.5 Thaumarchaeota and Nitrification in Archaea 17.6 Nanoarchaeota and the “Hospitable Fireball” 17.7 Korarchaeota, the “Secret Filament” 17.8 Other Cryptic Archaeal Phyla III • Crenarchaeota 17.9 Habitats and Energy Metabolism of Crenarchaeota 17.10 Crenarchaeota from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats 17.11 Crenarchaeota from Submarine Volcanic Habitats IV • Evolution and Life at High Temperature 17.12 An Upper Temperature Limit for Microbial Life 17.13 Molecular Adaptations to Life at High Temperature 17.14 Hyperthermophilic Archaea, H2, and Microbial Evolution 18. Diversity of Microbial Eukarya MicrobiologyNow Coccolithophores, Engineers of Global Climate I • Organelles and Phylogeny of Microbial Eukarya 18.1 Endosymbioses and the Eukaryotic Cell 18.2 Phylogenetic Lineages of Eukarya II • Protists 18.3 Excavates 18.4 Alveolata 18.5 Stramenopiles 18.6 Rhizaria 18.7 Haptophytes 18.8 Amoebozoa III • Fungi 18.9 Fungal Physiology, Structure, and Symbioses 18.10 Fungal Reproduction and Phylogeny 18.11 Microsporidia and Chytridiomycota 18.12 Mucoromycota and Glomeromycota 18.13 Ascomycota 18.14 Basidiomycota IV • Archaeplastida 18.15 Red Algae 18.16 Green Algae Unit 5. Microbial Ecology and Environmental Microbiology 19. Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems MicrobiologyNow Touring Microbial Biogeography Using Combinatorial Imaging I • Culture-Dependent Analyses of Microbial Communities 19.1 Enrichment Culture Microbiology 19.2 Classical Procedures for Isolating Microbes 19.3 Selective Single-Cell Isolation: Laser Tweezers, Flow Cytometry, Microfluidics, and High-Throughput Methods II • Culture-Independent Microscopic Analyses of Microbial Communities 19.4 General Staining Methods 19.5 Microscopic Specificity: Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) III • Culture-Independent Molecular Analyses of Microbial Communities 19.6 PCR Methods of Microbial Community Analysis 19.7 Microarrays for Analysis of Microbial Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity 19.8 Environmental Multi-omics: Integration of Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics IV • Measuring Microbial Activities in Nature 19.9 Chemical Assays, Radioisotopic Methods, Microsensors, and Nanosensors 19.10 Stable Isotopes and Stable Isotope Probing 19.11 Linking Functions to Specific Organisms 19.12 Linking Genes and Cellular Properties to Individual Cells 20. Microbial Ecosystems MicrobiologyNow Living on Fumes I • Microbial Ecology 20.1 General Ecological Concepts 20.2 Ecosystem Service: Biogeochemistry and Nutrient Cycles II • The Microbial Environment 20.3 Environments and Microenvironments 20.4 Surfaces and Biofilms 20.5 Microbial Mats III • Terrestrial Environments 20.6 Soils: General Properties 20.7 Prokaryotic Diversity in Soils 20.8 The Terrestrial Subsurface IV • Aquatic Environments 20.9 Freshwaters 20.10 Oxygen Relationships in the Marine Environment 20.11 Major Marine Phototrophs 20.12 Pelagic Bacteria and Archaea 20.13 Pelagic Marine Viruses 20.14 The Deep Sea 20.15 Deep-Sea Sediments 20.16 Hydrothermal Vents 21. Nutrient Cycles MicrobiologyNow An Uncertain Future for Coral Reef Ecosystems I • Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Cycles 21.1 The Carbon Cycle 21.2 Syntrophy and Methanogenesis 21.3 The Nitrogen Cycle 21.4 The Sulfur Cycle II • Other Nutrient Cycles 21.5 The Iron and Manganese Cycles: Reductive Activities 21.6 The Iron and Manganese Cycles: Oxidative Activities 21.7 The Phosphorus, Calcium, and Silicon Cycles III • Humans and Nutrient Cycling 21.8 Mercury Transformations 21.9 Human Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles Explore the Microbial World Solving the Marine Methane Paradox 22. Microbiology of the Built Environment MicrobiologyNow Sending Microbes to Clean Up after Polluters I • Mineral Recovery and Acid Mine Drainage 22.1 Mining with Microorganisms 22.2 Acid Mine Drainage II • Bioremediation 22.3 Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments 22.4 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants: Hydrocarbons 22.5 Bioremediation and Microbial Degradation of Major Chemical Pollutants: Chlorinated Organics and Plastics III • Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment 22.6 Primary and Secondary Wastewater Treatment 22.7 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment: Further Removal of Phosphorus and Nitrogen 22.8 Sludge Processing and Contaminants of Emerging Concern 22.9 Drinking Water Purification and Stabilization 22.10 Water Distribution Systems IV • Indoor Microbiology and Microbially Influenced Corrosion 22.11 The Microbiology of Homes and Public Spaces 22.12 Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Metals 22.13 Biodeterioration of Stone and Concrete 23. Microbial Symbioses with Microbes, Plants, and Animals MicrobiologyNow Coral Fluorescence Provides the Guiding Light for Their Symbiotic Algae I • Symbioses Between Microorganisms 23.1 Lichens 23.2 “Chlorochromatium aggregatum” 23.3 Methanotrophic Consortia: Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer II • Plants as Microbial Habitats 23.4 The Legume–Root Nodule Symbiosis 23.5 Mycorrhizae 23.6 Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease III • Insects as Microbial Habitats 23.7 Heritable Symbionts of Insects 23.8 Defensive Symbioses 23.9 Termites IV • Other Invertebrates as Microbial Habitats 23.10 Bioluminescent Symbionts and the Squid Symbiosis 23.11 Marine Invertebrates at Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps 23.12 Entomopathogenic Nematodes 23.13 Reef-Building Corals V • Mammalian Gut Systems as Microbial Habitats 23.14 Alternative Mammalian Gut Systems 23.15 The Rumen and Rumen Activities 23.16 Rumen Microbes and Their Dynamic Relationships Explore the Microbial World Combating Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases with an Insect Symbiont Unit 6. Microbe–Human Interactions and the Immune System 24. Microbial Symbioses with Humans MicrobiologyNow One of the Most Abundant Viruses on Earth Discovered First in the Human Viral Microbiome I • Structure and Function of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal and Oral Microbiomes 24.1 Overview of the Human Microbiome 24.2 Gastrointestinal Microbiota 24.3 Oral Cavity and Airways II • Urogenital Tract and Skin Microbiomes and the Human Viral Microbiome 24.4 Urogenital Tracts and Their Microbes 24.5 The Skin and Its Microbes 24.6 The Human Virome III • From Birth to Death: Development of the Human Microbiome 24.7 Human Study Groups and Animal Models 24.8 Colonization, Succession, and Stability of the Gut Microbiota IV • Disorders Attributed to the Human Microbiome 24.9 Syndromes Linked to the Gut Microbiota 24.10 Syndromes Linked to the Oral, Skin, and Vaginal Microbiota V • Modulation of the Human Microbiome 24.11 Antibiotics and the Human Microbiome 24.12 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics Explore the Microbial World The Gut–Brain Axis 25. Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis MicrobiologyNow Killing Pathogens on Contact I • Human–Pathogen Interactions 25.1 Microbial Adherence 25.2 Colonization and Invasion 25.3 Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Virulence Attenuation 25.4 Genetics of Virulence and the Compromised Host II • Enzymes and Toxins of Pathogenesis 25.5 Enzymes as Virulence Factors 25.6 AB-Type Exotoxins 25.7 Cytolytic and Superantigen Exotoxins 25.8 Endotoxins 26. Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses MicrobiologyNow Periodontal Disease and Alzheimer’s: Evidence for Causation? I • Fundamentals of Host Defense 26.1 Basic Properties of the Immune System 26.2 Barriers to Pathogen Invasion II • Cells and Organs of the Immune System 26.3 The Blood and Lymphatic Systems 26.4 Leukocyte Production and Diversity III • Phagocyte Response Mechanisms 26.5 Pathogen Challenge and Phagocyte Recruitment 26.6 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocyte Signal Transduction 26.7 Phagocytosis and Phagocyte Inhibition IV • Other Innate Host Defenses 26.8 Inflammation and Fever 26.9 The Complement System 26.10 Innate Defenses Against Viruses Explore the Microbial World Pattern Recognition Receptors of Hydrothermal Vent Tube Worms Facilitate Endosymbiosis 27. Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses MicrobiologyNow Controlling HIV through “Public” T Cell Receptors on CD4 T Cells I • Principles of Adaptive Immunity 27.1 Specificity, Memory, Selection Processes, and Tolerance 27.2 Immunogens and Classes of Immunity II • Antibodies 27.3 Antibody Production and Structural Diversity 27.4 Antigen Binding and the Genetics of Antibody Diversity III • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) 27.5 MHC Proteins and Their Functions 27.6 MHC Polymorphism, Polygeny, and Peptide Binding IV • T Cells and Their Receptors 27.7 T Cell Receptors: Proteins, Genes, and Diversity 27.8 T Cell Subsets and Their Functions 28. Immune Disorders and Antimicrobial Therapy MicrobiologyNow Preventing Autoimmunity with . . . Parasitic Worms? I • Disorders and Deficiencies of the Immune System 28.1 Allergy, Hypersensitivity, and Autoimmunity 28.2 Superantigens and Immunodeficiency II • Vaccines and Immunotherapy 28.3 Vaccination Against Infectious Diseases 28.4 Immunotherapy III • Drug Treatments for Infectious Diseases 28.5 Antibacterial Drugs 28.6 Antimicrobial Drugs That Target Nonbacterial Pathogens 28.7 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and New Treatment Strategies Unit 7. Infectious Diseases 29. Diagnosing Infectious Diseases MicrobiologyNow Shedding New Light on Diagnosing Tuberculosis I • Microbiology and the Healthcare Environment 29.1 The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory 29.2 Healthcare-Associated Infections II • Isolating and Characterizing Infectious Microorganisms 29.3 Workflow in the Clinical Laboratory 29.4 Choosing the Right Treatment III • Immunological and Molecular Tools for Disease Diagnosis 29.5 Immunoassays and Disease 29.6 Precipitation, Agglutination, and Immunofluorescence 29.7 Enzyme Immunoassays, Rapid Tests, and Immunoblots 29.8 Nucleic Acid–Based Clinical Assays Explore the Microbial World MRSA—A Formidable Clinical Challenge 30. Epidemiology and Public Health MicrobiologyNow A New Urgent Threat Is Emerging in Public Health Microbiology I • Principles of Epidemiology 30.1 The Language of Epidemiology 30.2 The Host Community 30.3 Infectious Disease Transmission and Reservoirs 30.4 Characteristics of Disease Epidemics II • Public and Global Health 30.5 Public Health and Infectious Disease 30.6 Global Health Comparisons III • Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pandemics, and Other Threats 30.7 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases 30.8 Examples of Pandemics: HIV/AIDS, Cholera, and Influenza 30.9 Public Health Threats from Microbial Weapons 31. Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases MicrobiologyNow Reversing Antibiotic Resistance in a Recalcitrant Pathogen I • Airborne Bacterial Diseases 31.1 Airborne Pathogens 31.2 Streptococcal Syndromes 31.3 Diphtheria and Pertussis 31.4 Tuberculosis and Leprosy 31.5 Meningitis and Meningococcemia II • Airborne Viral Diseases 31.6 MMR and Varicella-Zoster Infections 31.7 The Common Cold 31.8 Influenza III • Direct-Contact Bacterial and Viral Diseases 31.9 Staphylococcus aureus Infections 31.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Diseases 31.11 Hepatitis 31.12 Ebola: A Deadly Threat IV • Sexually Transmitted Infections 31.13 Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and Chlamydia 31.14 Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 31.15 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS 32. Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases MicrobiologyNow The Historical Emergence of an Ancient and Deadly Pathogen I • Animal-Transmitted Viral Diseases 32.1 Rabies Virus and Rabies 32.2 Hantavirus and Hantavirus Syndromes II • Arthropod-Transmitted Bacterial and Viral Diseases 32.3 Rickettsial Diseases 32.4 Lyme Disease and Borrelia 32.5 Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Chikungunya, and Zika 32.6 West Nile Fever 32.7 Plague III • Soilborne Bacterial Diseases 32.8 Anthrax 32.9 Tetanus and Gas Gangrene 33. Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases MicrobiologyNow Reverse Zoonosis in the Southern Ocean I • Water as a Disease Vehicle 33.1 Agents and Sources of Waterborne Diseases 33.2 Public Health and Water Quality II • Waterborne Diseases 33.3 Vibrio cholerae and Cholera 33.4 Legionellosis 33.5 Typhoid Fever and Norovirus Illness III • Food as a Disease Vehicle 33.6 Food Spoilage and Food Preservation 33.7 Foodborne Diseases and Food Epidemiology IV • Food Poisoning 33.8 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning 33.9 Clostridial Food Poisoning V • Food Infection 33.10 Salmonellosis 33.11 Pathogenic Escherichia coli 33.12 Campylobacter 33.13 Listeriosis 33.14 Other Foodborne Infectious Diseases 34. Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths MicrobiologyNow A Silver Bullet to Kill Brain-Eating Amoebae? I • Fungal Infections 34.1 Pathogenic Fungi and Classes of Infection 34.2 Fungal Diseases: Mycoses II • Visceral Parasitic Infections 34.3 Amoebae and Ciliates: Entamoeba, Naegleria, and Balantidium 34.4 Other Visceral Parasites: Giardia, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Cyclospora III • Blood and Tissue Parasitic Infections 34.5 Plasmodium and Malaria 34.6 Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, and Chagas Disease 34.7 Parasitic Helminths: Schistosomiasis and Filariases Photo Credits Glossary Terms Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Phylogeny of Bacteria Phylogeny of Archaea For courses in general microbiology. Authoritative. Accurate. Accessible Brock Biology of Microorganisms sets the standard for accuracy, impeccable scholarship, a visually stunning art program,and the use of cutting-edge research to illustrate basic concepts. The text guides students through the six major themes of microbiology Evolution, Cell Structure and Function, Metabolic Pathways, Information Flow and Genetics, Microbial Systems, and the Impact of Microorganisms as outlined by the American Society for Microbiology Conference on Undergraduate Education(ASMCUE). This robust and modern approach takes students through the genomics revolution and omics maze that has transformed microbiology and shares powerfultools that microbiologists use to probe deeper and farther into the microbialworld than ever before. The 16th Edition expands the extraordinary artprogram to ensure students experience microbiology as a visual science, while providing an overview of the microbial world with basic principles that students all need to master. Each chapters theme focuses on a recent discovery that connects students with the most current science and engages them with exciting, real-world topics. Reach every student with Mastering Microbiology Mastering is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student.By combining trusted author content with digital tools developed to engage students and emulate the office-hour experience, Mastering personalizes learning and improves results for each student. Mastering Microbiology extends learning and provides students with a platform to practice, learn, and apply knowledge outside of the classroom Get a solid understanding of the major concepts in microbiology with a textbook t hat offers cutting-edge research findings, powerful tools, and visuals. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Global Edition, 16th Edition is the latest version of the most authoritative textbook in the field, offering powerful, accurate, yet accessible content surrounding the basic concepts of microbiology. The text guides you through the six major themes of microbiology Evolution, Cell Structure and Function, Metabolic Pathways, Information Flow and Genetics, Microbial Systems, and the Impact of Microorganisms as outlined by the American Society for Microbiology Conference on Undergraduate Education (ASMCUE). Following a modern robust approach, the book supports your knowledge of the genomics and other omics" maze - concepts that are fundamental to the field and have transformed and revolutionised microbiology. Furthermore, it provides concrete examples of how powerful tools have allowed microbiologists to probe deeper and further into the microbial world than ever before.