FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution

The Emerging Technology Of Flexible Ac Transmission System (facts) Enables Planning And Operation Of Power Systems At Minimum Costs, Without Compromising Security. This Is Based On Modern High Power Electronic Systems That Provide Fast Controllability To Ensure ‘flexible' Operation Under Changing System Conditions. This Book Presents A Comprehensive Treatment Of The Subject By Discussing The Operating Principles, Mathematical Models, Control Design And Issues That Affect The Applications. The Concepts Are Explained Often With Illustrative Examples And Case Studies. In Particular, The Book Presents An In-depth Coverage Of: Applications Of Svc, Tcsc, Gcsc, Spst, Statcom, Sssc, Upfc, Ipfc And Ipc For Voltage/power Control In Transmission Systems; Application Of Dstatcom, Dvr And Upqc For Improving Power Quality In Distribution Systems; Design Of Power Oscillation Damping (pod) Controllers; Discrete Control Of Facts For Improving Transient Stability; Mitigation Of Ssr Using Series Facts Controllers; Issues Affecting Control Design Such As Electromagnetic And Harmonic Interactions. The Book Can Serve As A Text Or Reference For A Course On Facts Controllers. It Will Also Benefit Researchers And Practicing Engineers Who Wish To Understand And Apply Facts Technology. Electrical Engg. The,emerging,technology,of,Flexible,AC,Transmission,System,(FACTS),enables,planning,and,operation,of,power,systems,at,minimum,costs;,without,compromising,security.,This,is,based,on,modern,high,power,electronic,systems,that,provide,fast,controllability,to,ensure,'flexible',operation,under,changing,system,conditions.,This,book,presents,a,comprehensive,treatment,of,the,subject,by,discussing,the,operating,principles;,mathematical,models;,control,design,and,issues,that,affect,the,applications.,The,concepts,are,explained,often,with,illustrative,examples,and,case,studies.,In,particular;,the,book,presents,an,in-depth,coverage,of:;,Applications,of,SVC;,TCSC;,GCSC;,SPST;,STATCOM;,SSSC;,UPFC;,IPFC,and,IPC,for,voltage/power,control,in,transmission,systems.;,Application,of,DSTATCOM;,DVR,and,UPQC,for,improving,power,quality,in,distribution,systems.;,Design,of;,Power,Oscillation,Damping,(POD),controllers.;,Discrete,control,of;,FACTS,for,improving,transient,stability.;,Mitigation,of,SSR,using,series,FACTS,Controllers.;,Issues,affecting,control,design,such,as,electromagnetic,and,harmonic,interactions.;,The,book,can,serve,as,a,text,or,reference,for,a,course,on,FACTS,Controllers.,It,will,also,benefit,researchers,and,practicing,engineers,who,wish,to,understand,and,apply,FACTS,technology The emerging technology of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) enables planning and operation of power systems at minimum costs,without compromising security. This is based on modern high power electronic systems that provide fast controllability to ensure 'flexible' operation under changing system conditions. This book presents a comprehensive treatment of the subject by discussing the operating principles,mathematical models,control design and issues that affect the applications. The concepts are explained often with illustrative examples and case studies. In particular,the book presents an in-depth coverage of:,Applications of SVC,TCSC,GCSC,SPST,STATCOM,SSSC,UPFC,IPFC and IPC for voltage/power control in transmission systems.,Application of DSTATCOM,DVR and UPQC for improving power quality in distribution systems.,Design of,Power Oscillation Damping (POD) controllers.,Discrete control of,FACTS for improving transient stability.,Mitigation of SSR using series FACTS Controllers.,Issues affecting control design such as electromagnetic and harmonic interactions.,The book can serve as a text or reference for a course on FACTS Controllers. It will also benefit researchers and practicing engineers who wish to understand and apply FACTS technology Cover 1 Preface 8 Contents 12 Chapter 1: Introduction 18 1.1 General 18 1.2 Basics of Power Transmission Networks 18 1.3 Control of Power Flow in AC Transmission Line 21 1.4 Flexible AC Transmission System Controllers 24 1.5 Application of FACTS Controllers in Distribution Systems 33 Chapter 2: AC Transmission Line and Reactive Power Compensation 36 2.1 Analysis of Uncompensated AC Line 36 2.2 Passive Reactive Power Compensation 46 2.3 Compensation by a Series Capacitor Connected at the Midpoint of the Line 49 2.4 Shunt Compensation Connected at the Midpoint of the Line 51 2.5 Comparison between Series and Shunt Capacitor 53 2.6 Compensation by STATCOM and SSSC 55 2.7 Some Representative Examples 59 Chapter 3: Static Var Compensator 68 3.1 Analysis of SVC 68 3.2 Configuration of SVC 75 3.3 SVC Controller 85 3.4 Voltage Regulator Design-Some Issues 92 3.5 Harmonics and Filtering 100 3.6 Protection Aspects 108 3.7 Modelling of SVC 113 3.8 Applications of SVC 116 Chapter 4: Thyristor and GTO Controlled Series Capacitor 122 4.1 Introduction 122 4.2 Basic Concepts of Controlled Series Compensation 123 4.3 Operation of TCSC 127 4.4 Analysis of TCSC 129 4.5 Control of TCSC 135 4.6 Modelling of TCSC for Stability Studies 139 4.7 GTO Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC) 142 4.8 Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance with TCSC and GCSC 145 4.9 Applications of TCSC 167 Chapter 5: Static Phase Shifting Transformer 174 5.1 General 174 5.2 Basic Principle of a PST 174 5.3 Configurations of SPST 178 5.4 Improvement of Transient Stability Using SPST 183 5.5 Damping of Low Frequency Power Oscillations 185 5.6 Applications of SPST 187 Chapter 6: Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) 190 6.1 Introduction 190 6.2 Principle of Operation of STATCOM 191 6.3 A Simplified Analysis of a Three Phase Six Pulse STATCOM 194 6.4 Analysis of a Six Pulse VSC Using Switching Functions 201 6.5 Multi-pulse Converters 205 6.6 Control of Type 2 Converters 209 6.7 Control of Type 1 Converter 214 6.8 Multilevel Voltage Source Converters 217 6.9 Harmonic Transfer and Resonance in VSC 226 6.10 Applications of STATCOM 230 Chapter 7: Static Synchronous Series Compensator 234 7.1 Introduction 234 7.2 Operation of SSSC and the Control of Power Flow 234 7.3 Modelling and Control of SSSC 242 7.4 SSSC with an Energy Source 246 7.5 Analysis of SSR with a SSSC 254 7.6 Applications of SSSC 257 Chapter 8: Unified Power Flow Controller and other Multi-Converter Devices 260 8.1 Introduction 260 8.2 Operation of a UPFC 263 8.3 Control of UPFC 274 8.4 Protection of UPFC 279 8.5 Interline Power Flow Controller 280 8.6 Convertible Static Compensator 282 8.7 Modelling of UPFC, IPFC and other Multi-Converter FACTS 283 8.8 SSR Characteristics of UPFC 286 8.9 Applications of UPFC 286 Chapter 9: Interphase Power Controller and other FACTS Devices 290 9.1 Interphase Power Controller (IPC) 290 9.2 NGH SSR Damping Scheme 303 9.3 Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR) 308 9.4 Fault Current Limiter (FCL) 310 9.5 Thyristor Controlled Voltage Limiter (TCVL) 313 Chapter 10: Power Oscillation Damping 318 10.1 Introduction 318 10.2 Basic Issues in the Damping of Low Frequency Oscillations in Large Power Systems 319 10.3 System Modelling for Small Signal Stability 322 10.4 Design of Damping Controllers 333 10.5 Modal Transformation of Swing Equations 339 10.6 Damping of Power Oscillations Using Series FACTS Controllers 342 10.7 Damping of Power Oscillations Using Shunt FACTS Controllers 351 10.8 A Case Study of Damping Controllers in UPFC 357 Chapter 11: Improvement of Transient Stability 366 11.1 Introduction 366 11.2 Transient Stability of a Two Machine System 367 11.3 Extension to Multimachine Power Systems 369 11.4 Potential Energy Function for SVC, SSSC and UPFC 378 11.5 A New Control Algorithm for Improving Transient Stability and Damping of Oscillations 383 11.6 Case Studies of Discrete Control for Stability Improvement 391 Chapter 12: Power Quality and Introduction to Custom Power Devices 400 12.1 General 400 12.2 Electromagnetic Phenomena and Power Quality 401 12.3 Custom Power Devices 411 12.4 Definitions of Reactive Power 420 12.5 Reactive Power Compensation in Single Phase Circuits 429 12.6 Reactive Power Compensation in Three Phase Circuits 437 Chapter 13: Load Compensation and Distribution STATCOM 450 13.1 Introduction 450 13.2 Three Phase Three Wire Systems 451 13.3 Three Phase Four Wire Systems 460 13.4 A Case Study 465 13.5 Synchronous Reference Frame Based Extraction of Reference Currents 467 13.6 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current Based Extraction of Reference Currents 470 13.7 Application of DSTATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation and Voltage Regulation 477 13.8 Current Control Techniques for PWM Converters 478 13.9 Application of Composite Compensation 481 Chapter 14: Dynamic Voltage Restorer and Unified Power Quality Conditioner 484 14.1 Introduction 484 14.2 Dynamic Voltage Restoration 485 14.3 Series Active Filtering 490 14.4 A Case Study on DVR 494 14.5 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 501 14.6 A Case Study on UPQC 504 Appendix A: Modelling of Synchronous Generator 512 A.1 Synchronous Machine Model 512 A.2 Modelling of Turbine Generator Mechanical Systems 518 A.3 Relationship between Park and Kron Transformation 521 Appendix B: Pulse Width Modulation for Voltage Source Converters 524 B.1 Introduction 524 B.2 Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) 526 B.3 Sinusoidal PWM 528 B.4 Space Vector Modulation (SVM) 532 Appendix C: Per Unit System for STATCOM 540 Appendix D: Abbreviations 544 Index 546