Facility Piping Systems Handbook: For Industrial, Commercial, and Healthcare Facilities, 3rd Edition

Facility Piping Systems Handbook for Industrial, Commercial and Health Care Applications by Frankel McGraw Hill Publishers 2010 Reviewed by: Dr. Joseph S. Maresca The work begins with an exhaustive list of professional institutes related to the topic of piping systems and processes. Examples of the governing institutes are: o American Gas Institute o American Petroleum Institute o American Society of Testing / Materials and a host of others There are codes for piping systems, allowable materials, stresses, seismic loads, thermal heat expansion, fabrication, installations and testing. The topic of corrosion is discussed extensively. Corrosion resistance is the ability of the pipe to resist internal corrosive effects of fluid flow throughout , as well as external corrosive flows on the pipe itself . i.e. soils and the surrounding atmospheric conditions Corrosion can be reduced or eliminated with suitable coatings, linings and cathodic protection . Cathodic protection has become a widely used method for controlling the corrosion deterioration of metallic structures in contact with most forms of electrolytically conducting environments. Cathodic protection reduces the corrosion rate of a metallic structure by reducing its corrosion potential, bringing the metal closer to an immune state. General corrosion describes pipe dissolution over the entire exposed surface where localized corrosion resides in a small area of the pipe. Corrosive cracking is the physical deterioration and cracking of pipe wall due to increased operating temperature, tensile stress on the pipe and chemicals. The author describes water impurities like turbidity (insolubles) , bacteria and viruses. Tensile stress occurs when a material undergoes a pulling or stretching force. Stress is defined as a force applied over a cross-sectional area in typical units of pounds per square inch (psi) or Newtons per square meter. The type of stress that a material is exposed to will depend on how the force is being applied. The three basic types of stress are tensile, compressive, and shear. The maximum tensile stress that a material can withstand before failure is known as tensile strength . The value of ultimate tensile strength varies widely for different materials. Soft, malleable materials like many plastics, rubber, and metals are considered elastic and will undergo significant deformation before a complete failure occurs. Hard and brittle materials, like concrete and glass, have little or no deformation before complete failure. The ultimate tensile strength for many different types of concrete, plastics, metal, wood, glass, rubber and ceramics is fairly described in manuals; such as this one. Double wall piping involves the installation of outer pipe around an inner pipe which prevents the release of hazardous liquids being transported in the inner pipe. Typical valve design considerations are temperature, pressure, shutoff valve operation, pressure drops, corrosive resistance, velocity, fire safety and hazardous materials. Generally, no machine should be designed without the ability to shut it down by some means either electrical, mechanical or otherwise. In addition, some applications are constructed with redundant and tridundant capabilities to address contingency modes. There is an extensive section on insulation which includes fiberglass, cellular glass,expanded plastic foam, foamed plastic, calcium silicate, mineral fiber and insulating cement. Overall, the volume enunciates a fairly complete rendition of applicable fluid principles and materials science structure of matter intertwined with the relevant standards setting authorities who promulgate standards for the engineering and allied professions . This acquisition would be perfect for the engineering professional in your household. Students of engineering fluid mechanics will find this volume useful for exams and projects. Contents......Page 8 Preface to the Third Edition......Page 24 General......Page 28 American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE)......Page 29 American Water Works Association (AWWA)......Page 30 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)......Page 31 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)......Page 32 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)......Page 33 Underwriters Laboratories (UL)......Page 34 Additional Standards......Page 35 Code Acceptance......Page 36 Corrosion Resistance......Page 37 Brass (BR)......Page 39 Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CI)......Page 40 Copper......Page 41 Lead (LD)......Page 42 Stainless Steel (SS)......Page 43 Other Metallic Piping Materials......Page 45 Key Properties of Plastic Pipe......Page 47 Description and Classification......Page 48 Plastic Pipe Standards and Nomenclature......Page 49 Elements for Selection......Page 51 Permeability......Page 53 Plastic Pipe Materials......Page 55 Glass (GL)......Page 59 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)......Page 60 Fitting Types......Page 61 Fitting Materials......Page 62 Metallic Pipe Joints......Page 64 Welding......Page 70 Flanged......Page 73 Hinged Clamp......Page 74 Adapters......Page 76 Joints for Plastic Piping......Page 77 Joints for FRP Piping......Page 78 Double-Wall Piping......Page 80 Valve Components......Page 82 Valve Body Materials......Page 83 Valve Actuators......Page 84 Operating and Torque Considerations......Page 87 Firesafe Valves......Page 88 Pressure Loss Through Valves......Page 89 Valve Selection Considerations......Page 90 Gate Valves......Page 91 Globe Valves......Page 94 Plug Valves......Page 96 Ball Valves......Page 97 Butterfly Valves......Page 99 Pinch Valves......Page 100 Miscellaneous Valve Types......Page 101 Metallic Alloy Designations......Page 103 Metric Pipe Sizes......Page 104 Hangers and Supports......Page 105 System Components......Page 106 References......Page 117 Filter Classification and Testing......Page 118 Filter Categories and Definitions......Page 119 Filter Ratings......Page 120 Membrane Filter Testing......Page 121 General......Page 122 Types of Strainers......Page 123 Materials of Construction......Page 124 Design Considerations and Selection Criteria......Page 126 Filter Classifications......Page 128 Deep Bed Granular (Sand) Filtration......Page 129 Activated Carbon Filters......Page 132 Cartridge Depth Filters......Page 133 Code Considerations......Page 136 Specific Substances......Page 137 References......Page 148 Codes and Standards......Page 150 Water Impurities......Page 151 Dissolved Minerals and Organic Substances......Page 153 General......Page 155 Deposits......Page 160 Corrosion......Page 161 Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)......Page 162 Ryznar Stability Index (RI)......Page 163 Aggressiveness Index (AI)......Page 164 Aeration......Page 165 Deaeration......Page 166 Dealkalizing......Page 167 Distillation......Page 168 Filtration......Page 170 Ion Exchange and Removal......Page 172 Membrane Filtration and Separation......Page 180 Microbial Control......Page 184 Water Treatment......Page 186 Potable Water Treatment......Page 187 Water Purification......Page 188 Laboratory Systems......Page 190 Purified Water Types......Page 192 Pharmaceutical Water Treatment Process......Page 194 Feedwater......Page 195 Purification System Design......Page 196 Central Purification Equipment......Page 197 References......Page 200 Basics......Page 202 Types of Insulation......Page 207 Jackets......Page 209 Coatings, Adhesives, and Sealants......Page 212 Insulation Material and Thickness Selection......Page 213 Calculation of Insulation Thickness......Page 217 Freezing of Water......Page 222 The Mechanics of the Freezing Process......Page 223 Pipe Damage due to Freezing......Page 224 The Freezing of Water in Atmospheric Vessels......Page 225 Sewer and Water Supply Piping Design......Page 228 Derivation of the Basic Formula for Frost Depth......Page 233 Heat Tracing......Page 242 Electric Heat Tracing......Page 245 Steam Tracing......Page 250 References......Page 262 Hydrologic Cycle......Page 264 Aquifers......Page 266 Inflow into Excavations......Page 267 Preliminary Investigations......Page 271 Storm Water Inlet Selection......Page 272 System Design Criteria......Page 280 Design Storm......Page 282 Determination of Design Storm......Page 285 System Design Procedure......Page 290 System Design Considerations......Page 294 Site Retention Methods......Page 295 Pipe and Installation Classifications......Page 310 Loads Acting on a Pipe......Page 312 Superimposed Loads......Page 315 Bedding......Page 325 Total Load on Buried Pipe......Page 327 Cleaning Methods......Page 334 Preventive Maintenance......Page 336 Manholes......Page 337 Sizing the Sanitary Sewer......Page 339 Sanitary Sewer Design Considerations......Page 344 Codes and Standards......Page 355 System Components......Page 356 Component Design and Selection......Page 357 System Design Considerations......Page 359 Storm Water Disposal......Page 361 Water Supplied from a Public Utility......Page 366 Preliminary Information Required......Page 382 Calculation of the Pipe Size......Page 383 Water Supplied from Wells......Page 384 Project Water Supply......Page 394 Domestic Water Service......Page 395 Fire Protection Water Service......Page 401 Groundwater Monitoring Wells......Page 404 Casing......Page 405 References......Page 406 System Components......Page 408 The Soil......Page 409 System Design......Page 412 Acknowledgments......Page 418 System Components......Page 420 Bulk Storage......Page 421 Sizing the Large Bulk Tank......Page 423 Sizing the Vaporizer......Page 427 Pressure from Liquid Gases......Page 428 Pressure Relief Valves......Page 430 Pipe Materials and Insulation......Page 431 Pipe Sizing Methods......Page 432 References......Page 434 General......Page 436 Fixture Units......Page 437 Velocity of Water......Page 438 Major System Components......Page 441 Sanitary System Design......Page 445 Suds Pressure Areas......Page 448 Sump Pumps and Sewage Ejectors......Page 449 Septic System......Page 453 Collection and Treatment Alternatives......Page 464 Vacuum Drainage System......Page 465 One Pipe Drainage System......Page 466 System Design......Page 467 Circuit and Loop Vents......Page 470 Suds Relief Vents......Page 471 Air Admittance Valves......Page 472 General System Criteria......Page 473 Roof Drainage Systems......Page 474 System Description......Page 484 Water Meters......Page 485 Contamination Prevention......Page 486 Water Velocity......Page 489 Water Distribution Systems......Page 490 Estimating Water Demand......Page 491 Design of the Water Supply Distribution System......Page 492 Adjusting Water Pressure......Page 495 System Description......Page 504 Water Heating Methods and Equipment......Page 505 Water Heater Sizing......Page 507 Safety and Protective Devices......Page 514 Hot Water Temperature Maintenance......Page 518 Circulating Water System......Page 522 Electric Heating Cable......Page 529 Fixture Minimum Pipe Space Requirements......Page 531 Codes and Standards......Page 534 Pipe Material and Joint Selection Considerations......Page 535 pH Definition......Page 536 General......Page 537 System Design Considerations......Page 541 Acid Waste Treatment......Page 542 The Nature of Radiation......Page 543 Units of Radiation Dose......Page 544 Allowable Radiation Levels......Page 545 Radioactive Materials......Page 546 General Design Criteria......Page 547 General Design Considerations......Page 548 Decontamination......Page 549 Infectious and Biological Waste Drainage Systems......Page 550 Biological Safety Levels......Page 551 Liquid Waste Decontamination System......Page 552 Codes and Standards......Page 554 System Design Considerations......Page 555 System Description......Page 556 Methods of Separation and Treatment......Page 557 Smaller Systems......Page 558 References......Page 559 General......Page 560 Minimum Number of Plumbing Fixtures......Page 561 Basic Pool Components......Page 564 Pool Water Circulation System......Page 567 Pool Filtration Systems......Page 570 Sand Filters......Page 571 Diatomaceous Earth Filters......Page 573 General......Page 575 Precoating and Backwashing the DE Filter......Page 576 Chemical Control......Page 577 Stabilizers......Page 578 Chemical Feed System......Page 579 Chemical Control Systems......Page 580 Pool Heating and Cooling Systems......Page 581 General Pool Criteria......Page 582 Turnover Rate and Bather Load......Page 584 General......Page 585 Turnover Rates......Page 586 Acknowledgment......Page 587 References......Page 588 Definitions and Liquid Fuel Classifications......Page 590 Codes and Standards......Page 591 System Components......Page 594 Storage Tanks......Page 595 Leak Detection and System Monitoring......Page 603 Vapor Recovery Systems......Page 610 Product Dispensing Systems......Page 612 Storage Tanks......Page 615 Leak Detection and System Monitoring......Page 618 Product Dispensing Systems......Page 619 Fire Pump Fuel Storage......Page 620 Emergency Generator Fuel Storage......Page 624 Piping Materials......Page 625 Pipe Sizing......Page 626 Submersible Pump Sizing......Page 627 Tests......Page 630 UST......Page 632 System Design Considerations......Page 633 References......Page 635 Codes and Standards......Page 636 System Operating Pressures......Page 638 General......Page 639 Major Natural Gas System Components......Page 640 Site Distribution......Page 643 Site Service Sizing Procedure......Page 644 Pipe and System Materials for Site Installation......Page 648 Discussion......Page 652 Storage Tanks......Page 660 Tank Foundations and Support......Page 663 Pressure Relief Devices......Page 665 Service Line Valves......Page 667 Vaporizer......Page 668 LPG System Design......Page 669 System Components......Page 678 System Design Considerations......Page 680 References......Page 681 General......Page 682 Definitions and Pressure Measurements......Page 683 Physical Properties of Air......Page 685 Water Vapor in Air......Page 686 Impurities and Contamination......Page 690 System Components......Page 692 System Design......Page 710 Project Design Example......Page 733 Air Quality Standards......Page 738 General......Page 739 Classification of Specialty Gases......Page 740 Storage and Generation of Gases......Page 741 Distribution System Components......Page 746 Distribution Network......Page 754 Codes and Standards......Page 771 Description and General Uses for the Common Gases......Page 772 Storage and Generation of Gases......Page 773 The Surgical-Medical Air Compressor Assembly......Page 778 Dental Air Compressor Assembly......Page 781 The Distribution Network......Page 782 Pipe Materials, Joints, and Installation......Page 783 Valves......Page 784 System and Equipment Sizing......Page 789 General......Page 802 References......Page 804 Definitions and Pressure Measurement......Page 806 System Components......Page 816 Codes and Standards......Page 822 Vacuum Source......Page 823 Distribution Network Sizing and Arrangement......Page 826 System Sizing......Page 827 General......Page 833 Methods of Anesthesia Gas Removal......Page 834 Codes and Standards......Page 836 Design Criteria......Page 837 Vacuum Generation......Page 839 Distribution Network......Page 842 Codes and Standards......Page 843 Redundancy......Page 844 Sizing Criteria......Page 846 System Components......Page 848 Detailed System Design......Page 852 References......Page 862 Codes and Standards......Page 864 Animal Drinking Water System......Page 865 Drinking Water Treatment......Page 866 Drinking Water System Components and Selection......Page 868 Animal Rack Manifold Configurations......Page 869 Cleaning and Drainage Practices......Page 871 Monitoring Systems......Page 880 Swine Cooling Systems......Page 881 References......Page 883 Hazard Assessment......Page 884 Codes and Standards......Page 885 Types of Drench Equipment......Page 886 Installation Requirements for Drench Equipment......Page 891 Drench Equipment Components......Page 897 Visibility of Devices......Page 900 System Design......Page 901 General......Page 902 Types of Systems......Page 903 Types of Personal Respirators......Page 904 Breathing Air Purity......Page 906 System Components......Page 908 Component Selection and Sizing......Page 911 References......Page 915 Types of Installations......Page 916 Equipment......Page 917 System Configurations......Page 921 General......Page 924 System Components......Page 925 Precautions......Page 926 Typical Installations and Details......Page 928 Pipeline Cleaning......Page 933 Filters......Page 934 Seawater Intake......Page 935 Equipment Selection and Mechanical Room Design Considerations......Page 936 References......Page 937 System Components......Page 938 System Design......Page 940 System and Component Sizing......Page 942 References......Page 947 Codes and Standards......Page 948 General Heat Exchanger Types......Page 949 Choosing Off-the-Shelf Shell-and-Tube Exchangers......Page 955 Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers......Page 956 Immersion Heat Exchangers......Page 959 Air-Cooled Exchangers......Page 960 Heat Exchanger Selection......Page 961 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers......Page 962 Sizing Pressure and Temperature Relief Valve......Page 964 References......Page 965 Appendix A. Pipe Distribution Systems......Page 966 Appendix B. Glossary and Abbreviations......Page 994 Appendix C. Metric Unit Conventions and Conversions......Page 1020 A......Page 1026 C......Page 1027 D......Page 1029 F......Page 1030 H......Page 1031 L......Page 1032 M......Page 1033 P......Page 1034 S......Page 1035 V......Page 1038 W......Page 1039 Z......Page 1040

A Comprehensive Guide to Facility Piping Systems

Fully up-to-date with the latest codes and standards, this practical resource contains everything you need to plan, select, design, specify, and test piping systems for industry, commercial, and institutional applications. The book includes complete coverage of pipes, fittings, valves, jointing methods, hangers, supports, pumps, tanks, and other required equipment.

Facility Piping Systems Handbook, Third Edition, progresses from fundamentals of systems operation to a design procedure that allows quick and accurate component and pipe sizing. Listings of FDA, EPA, and OSHA requirements are included. Complete with formulas, charts, and tables, this invaluable all-in-one volume will save you time and money on the job.

Coverage includes:

• Water treatment and purification

• Heat transfer, insulation, and freeze protection

• Cryogenic storage

• Facility steam and condensate systems

• Liquid fuel storage and dispensing

• Fuel gas and compressed gas systems

• Vacuum air systems

• Animal facility piping systems

• Life safety systems

• Nonpotable and drinking water systems

• Swimming pools, spas, and water attractions

• And more