Facets of Behaviormetrics: The 50th Anniversary of the Behaviormetric Society (Behaviormetrics: Quantitative Approaches to Human Behavior, 4)

This edited book is the first one written in English that deals comprehensively with behavior metrics. The term “behaviormetrics” comprehends the research including all sorts of quantitative approaches to disclose human behavior. Researchers in behavior metrics have developed, extended, and improved methods such as multivariate statistical analysis, survey methods, cluster analysis, machine learning, multidimensional scaling, corresponding analysis or quantification theory, network analysis, clustering, factor analysis, test theory, and related factors. In the spirit of behavior metrics, researchers applied these methods to data obtained by surveys, experiments, or websites from a diverse range of fields. The purpose of this book is twofold. One is to represent studies that display how the basic elements of behavior metrics have developed into present-day behavior metrics. The other is to represent studies performed mainly by those who would like to pioneer new fieldsof behavior metrics and studies that display elements of future behavior metrics. These studies consist of various characteristics such as those dealing with theoretical or conceptual subjects, the algorithm, the model, the method, and the application to a wide variety of fields. This book helps readers to understand the present and future of behavior metrics. Foreword Preface Contents Invited Articles Product-Line Design Using Cluster-Based Genetic Algorithms and Tabu Search 1 Introduction 2 Product-Line Design Problems 2.1 Choice Rules 2.2 Objective Functions 2.3 A Sample Product-Line Problem and Its Solution 3 Heuristics to Solve Product-Line Design Problems 3.1 Overview 3.2 Cluster-Based Genetic Algorithm 3.3 Tabu Search 4 Application to Simulated Problems and Comparisons 4.1 Comparison Using Small-Size Problems 4.2 Comparison Using Small- to Large-Size Problems 5 Conclusions and Outlook References Graphical Analysis and Clustering of Asymmetric Proximities 1 Introduction 2 A Procedure for the Separate Graphical Representation of Symmetry and Skew-Symmetry 3 A Clustering Model for Symmetry and Skew Symmetry 4 Application to the Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) Data 2021 5 Conclusions References Citizens and The Pandemic: Values, Attitudes, Impact 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Information Sources About COVID-19 Updates and Attitudes Towards the Pandemic 4 Emotional Impact During and After the Lockdown Measures 5 Demographics, Political Interest, Mobilization, and Attitudes to the Pandemic 6 Information Sources About Politics 7 Closeness and Trust in Institutions 8 Perceptions of Democracy and Personal Values 9 Discussion References The MELODIC Family for Simultaneous Binary Logistic Regression in a Reduced Space 1 Introduction 2 MELODIC Family 2.1 Data and Notation 2.2 General Model 2.3 Constrained Models 2.4 Graphical Representation 3 An MM Algorithm 3.1 Admissible Transformations 3.2 Algorithm for the Unconstrained Model 3.3 Algorithm for Constrained Model 4 Two Empirical Applications 4.1 Drug Consumption Data 4.2 Depression and Anxiety Data 5 Related and Competing Approaches 6 Conclusion and Discussion References Examining Cross-Cultural Value Questionnaires with Quantitative Methods 1 Introduction 2 The Value Theory of Shalom Schwartz 3 Data, Operationalizations, and Descriptive Analysis 4 Reliabilities of Sum Scores and Indicators 5 Scalar Equivalence: The Problem, Model Specification, and Estimation 5.1 Why Mean Difference Tests Can Lead to False Conclusions 5.2 Model Equation and Estimation 6 Mean Difference Tests of Human Values 7 Discussion 8 Summary and Conclusions Appendix References Handbooks as a Means of Mapping a Discipline. An Exploration of the World of Attachment 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Data Collection and Research Questions 3 Analysis Methods 4 Results 4.1 Authors: Page and Reference Counts 4.2 The Web of Attachment and Its Spiders: Who Publishes with Whom? 4.3 Who Publishes What? 4.4 Changes in Chapter Profiles 4.5 Changes in Author Profiles 5 Conclusion References Behaviormetrics in Blockchains: A Novel Protocol for Recording, Processing, and Rewarding Valuable Behavior 1 Introduction 2 Novel Blockchain Protocol: Proof of Feedback 3 Existing Related Works 4 Architecture of the Protocol 4.1 The Original Idea 4.2 Possible Architectures 4.3 Feedback Storage 4.4 Jurors 4.5 Regulator Node 4.6 Validators 4.7 Feedback Evaluation 4.8 Oracles 4.9 Possibility of a Ruling DAO 5 Implementation Prototype 5.1 Polygon Blockchain 5.2 PoF Contracts 6 Validation of the Proposed System 7 Smart Contracts Audit 7.1 Gas Costs Analysis 7.2 Contract Vulnerabilities 7.3 Platform Security Flaws 8 Decentralization Analysis 8.1 Preserving Feedback Requirements 9 Possible Improvements 10 Conclusions References Propositions for Quantification Theory 1 To Begin With 2 Names and Classification of Quantification Theory 3 Two-Stage Quantification Analysis 4 Space Theory for Two Variables 5 Data Format for More than Two Variables 6 CGS-Scaling Controversies 7 Multi-modal Symmetry 8 Quantifying Ordered Categories 9 Transformation of Input Data 10 Quantification of Dominance Data 11 Projection Pursuit References Exploring Heterogeneity in Happiness: Evidence from a Japanese Longitudinal Survey 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review and Features of the Japanese Context 1.2 Research Questions and Proposed Approach 2 Data Description 2.1 Measurement of Subjective Well-being 3 Hidden Markov Model 4 Results 4.1 Covariates Effects on the Initial Probabilities 4.2 Transitions Among the Different Happiness Levels Across Life Course and Predicted Latent States 5 Concluding Remarks References On Likelihood Ratio Tests for Dimensionality Selection 1 Introduction 2 Regularity 3 Monte Carlo Studies 4 Dimensionality Selection Problems in Various Models 4.1 CANO, RRR, DISC, and MANOVA 4.2 Correspondence Analysis (CA) 4.3 The Correlation Model 4.4 Association Models 4.5 Latent Class Analysis (LCA) 4.6 Factor Analysis (FA) Including Item FA 5 Discussion References Submitted Articles Chronological Monitoring of the Cross-Resistance Rate of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Classified by the Radius-Distance Model 1 Introduction 2 Ethical Review of Investigation 3 Data 3.1 Cross-Resistance Rate (CRR) 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 3.4 Antibiotic Drugs and the Strain Subgroups 4 Analysis 5 Results 5.1 Two-Dimensional Configuration 5.2 Circle Positions and Antibiotic Strains 5.3 Influence of the Hospital Relocation 6 Discussion 6.1 Classification by the Circles and Antibiotic Strains. 6.2 Clinical Applications 6.3 Limitations of the Analyses 6.4 Implications for Progress of Epidemiological Study 7 Conclusion 8 Appendix: Time-Series Change of Two-Dimensional Configurations Using the Data of CRR of P. Aeruginosa References The Multivariate Power-Gamma Distribution Using Factor Analysis Models 1 Introduction 2 Moments of the Power-Gamma Distribution 3 The Multivariate Power-Gamma Distribution of the FA Type 4 Special Cases of the One-Factor Model and Numerical Illustrations References Looking Back on Japan in the Heisei Era from the Perspective of Repeated Survey Data: Focusing on a Sense of “Giri Ninjō (Obligation-Human Feeling)” and “Kurashi-Kata” (Attitudes Towards Life) in the Surveys on the Japanese National Character 1 Introduction 2 Research Methods 2.1 Overview of the “Surveys on the Japanese National Character”: Sample and Data 2.2 Measures 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Preferred Human Relationships as Revealed by the Distribution of Answers to Questions on “Giri Ninjō” Scale 3.2 Changes in Lifestyle Goals as Revealed by the Distribution of Answers to the “Kurashi-Kata” (Attitudes Towards Life) Question 3.3 Relation Between “Giri Ninjō” and “Kurashi-Kata” (Attitudes Towards Life) Among Modern Japanese 4 Conclusion References Closed Form and Lord-Wingersky Algorithm for the Total Score Distribution of a Test with a General Scoring Scheme: The Distribution of the Sum of Rolling Heterogeneous Dice 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Scoring Scheme 2.2 Probability Space of Unfair Die 2.3 Distribution of Sum of Dice Roll 2.4 Need for Dice Roll Sum Distribution 2.5 Some Theoretical Properties of Dice Roll Sum Distribution 2.6 Closed Form of Conditional Dice Roll Sum Distribution 2.7 LW Algorithm for Dice Roll Sum Distribution 2.8 Simulation Study 2.9 Properties of Populational Dice Roll Sum Distribution 3 Conclusion References