Face Recognition Technology: Compulsory Visibility and Its Impact on Privacy and the Confidentiality of Personal Identifiable Images (Law, Governance and Technology Series (41), Band 41)

This book examines how face recognition technology is affecting privacy and confidentiality in an era of enhanced surveillance. Further, it offers a new approach to the complex issues of privacy and confidentiality, by drawing on Joseph K in Kafka’s disturbing novel __The Trial__, and on Isaiah Berlin’s notion of liberty and freedom. Taking into consideration rights and wrongs, protection from harm associated with compulsory visibility, and the need for effective data protection law, the author promotes ethical practices by reinterpreting privacy as a property right. To protect this right, the author advocates the licensing of personal identifiable images where appropriate. Preface......Page 6 Acknowledgements......Page 8 Contents......Page 14 Abbreviations......Page 18 List of Figures......Page 20 Table of Cases......Page 21 Table of Statutes......Page 23 1.1 The Digitised Image and Face Recognition Technology......Page 24 1.2 Face Recognition Technology......Page 25 1.3 Face Recognition Technology and Privacy......Page 26 1.5 Face Recognition Technology and Its Ethical and Legal Implications......Page 28 1.7 Face Recognition Technology and Big Data......Page 29 References......Page 30 2.1 Introduction: What Is Face Recognition Technology?......Page 32 2.2 How Does Face Recognition Work?......Page 33 2.3 Face Recognition Algorithms......Page 34 2.4 Other Approaches......Page 37 2.6 Face Recognition Vulnerability......Page 38 2.7 Face Spoofing Counter-Measures......Page 39 2.8.1 Passports and Other Government Uses......Page 40 2.8.2 Law Enforcement......Page 42 2.8.3 Commerce......Page 43 2.8.4 Gambling and Banking......Page 45 References......Page 46 3.1 Fears and Misconceptions of FRT......Page 49 3.1.2 Driver Licences......Page 50 3.1.3 New York Domain Awareness System......Page 52 3.2 Some Deeper Issues: FRT, Data Protection and Civil Liberties......Page 53 3.3 Face Recognition: Civil Liberty and Public Disclosure......Page 55 3.3.1 Public Disclosure......Page 56 References......Page 58 4.1 Introduction: Privacy and Surveillance......Page 61 4.2 The Data Subject and Surveillance......Page 63 4.3 Biometric Data and Civil Liberties......Page 65 4.5 The Data Subject and Autonomy......Page 68 4.6 Privacy, Informatisation and Photography......Page 71 4.7 The Data Subject and Biometric Data......Page 74 4.8 The Socio-Political Context......Page 75 References......Page 77 5.1 The Concept of Autonomy......Page 79 5.2 Freedom and Privacy......Page 81 5.3 Dworkin ́s First and Second-Order Autonomy......Page 82 5.4 Autonomy and Freedom......Page 85 5.5 Negative and Positive Liberty......Page 86 5.6 Kafka and Negative Liberty......Page 87 5.7 Foucault ́s Police and Bentham ́s Prisoners......Page 88 5.8 Privacy and Autonomy......Page 90 References......Page 95 6.1 Introduction......Page 97 6.3 Compulsory Visibility and Coercion......Page 98 6.4 Compulsory Visibility and Face Recognition......Page 101 6.5 Big Data......Page 102 6.6 Big Data and Face Recognition......Page 103 6.7 Compulsory Visibility and Autonomy......Page 104 References......Page 106 7.1 Introduction......Page 108 7.2 Data Protection and Privacy......Page 110 7.3 Informational Privacy......Page 112 7.4 Data Protection and Privacy: The United States Sectoral Approach......Page 114 7.5 Reconciling US and EU Provisions......Page 117 7.6 Data Protection and Face Recognition......Page 118 7.7 Biometric Data and the Development of the General Data Protection Regulation......Page 122 7.8 Human Rights: Civil Liberty, Privacy and the Law......Page 126 References......Page 130 8.1 Surveillance, Regulatory Power and Rights......Page 134 8.2 Human Rights, Mass Surveillance and UK Case Law......Page 139 8.2.1 Human Rights: Interference......Page 141 8.4 Face Recognition: Privacy and Image Ownership......Page 143 References......Page 144 9.1 State Paternalism: Active and Passive......Page 146 9.2 Ethics and State Power......Page 148 9.2.1 Liberty and State Power......Page 149 9.2.2 Ethical State Power......Page 151 9.3 Paternalism and FRT......Page 152 9.4 Control, Paternalism and Autonomy......Page 153 9.5 Citizen and State......Page 155 9.6 Face Recognition and Second-Order Preferences......Page 158 9.7 Preventing Harm and the Effect on Second-Order Preferences......Page 159 9.8 Threats to Privacy......Page 163 References......Page 166 10.1 Protecting Privacy: Data Protection and the Political Dimension......Page 168 10.2 Protecting Privacy: UK Data Protection and the Face Recognition Paradigm......Page 172 10.3 Data Processing and Second-Order Preferences......Page 175 10.4 The Data Subject and Face Recognition Systems [State Data-Mining Power]......Page 177 References......Page 181 11.2 Threat Recognition and Securitising Identity......Page 184 11.3 Identity Management......Page 187 11.4 Face Recognition and the Human Interface......Page 189 11.4.1 Data and the Human Interface......Page 191 11.5 Predicting Social Concerns and Reactions......Page 193 11.6 Constitutional Safeguards and Rights......Page 195 11.7 Legal and Regulatory Safeguards......Page 197 11.8 Regulating the Commoditisation of Data......Page 201 References......Page 202 12.1 Face Recognition Technology and the Right to Personal Image Ownership......Page 206 12.2 Data Ownership: A New Legal and Moral Rights Framework......Page 207 12.3 Democratisation of Technology Development......Page 210 12.4 Personal Identifiable Images and Street Photography......Page 211 12.5 Recommendations......Page 212 References......Page 213 Bibliography and Further Reading......Page 215 Index......Page 218 This book examines how face recognition technology is affecting privacy and confidentiality in an era of enhanced surveillance. Further, it offers a new approach to the complex issues of privacy and confidentiality, by drawing on Joseph K in Kafka's disturbing novel The Trial , and on Isaiah Berlin's notion of liberty and freedom. Taking into consideration rights and wrongs, protection from harm associated with compulsory visibility, and the need for effective data protection law, the author promotes ethical practices by reinterpreting privacy as a property right. To protect this right, the author advocates the licensing of personal identifiable images where appropriate. The book reviews American, UK and European case law concerning privacy and confidentiality, the effect each case has had on the developing jurisprudence, and the ethical issues involved. As such, it offers a valuable resource for students of ethico-legal fields, professionals specialising in image rights law, policy-makers, and liberty advocates and activists. "This book examines how face recognition technology is affecting privacy and confidentiality in an era of enhanced surveillance. Further, it offers a new approach to the complex issues of privacy and confidentiality, by drawing on Joseph K in Kafka's disturbing novel The Trial, and on Isaiah Berlin's notion of liberty and freedom. Taking into consideration rights and wrongs, protection from harm associated with compulsory visibility, and the need for effective data protection law, the author promotes ethical practices by reinterpreting privacy as a property right. To protect this right, the author advocates the licensing of personal identifiable images where appropriate. The book reviews American, UK and European case law concerning privacy and confidentiality, the effect each case has had on the developing jurisprudence, and the ethical issues involved"--Provided by the publisher