Extremophiles: Diversity, Adaptation and Applications

Extremophiles: Diversity, Adaptation and Applications brings up-to-date knowledge about different types of extremophiles, the fascinating group of microorganisms that love to live in extreme environmental conditions. The book consists of fourteen chapters, of which, the first provides an overview of all the major types of extremophiles and the relationship with their respective extreme environments. The chapters following this introduction explain the diversity of prokaryotes based on environmental conditions, adaptation mechanisms, and industrial applications. The book concludes with a summary of the diverse biotechnological and industrial applications of extremophiles, emphasizing the importance of these microorganisms for human welfare. The book is intended as a primary textbook reference that enriches the knowledge base of scholars in the field of microbiology and biotechnology. It can also serve as a secondary reference for anyone who is interested in research on extremophiles. Key Features - Covers all the major types of extremophiles, including hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles, xerophiles, oligotrophs, chemolithotrophs, anaerobes and others - Provides a fundamental overview of the microbiology of extreme environments - Supplements fundamentals with information about industrial and scientific applications - Presents information in a simple structured format suitable for learners - Includes references for further reading Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface About the Editors List of Contributors Extremophiles: An Overview Bipransh Kumar Tiwary1 and Masrure Alam2,* INTRODUCTION HYPERTHERMOPHILES Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation PSYCHROPHILES Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation ACIDOPHILES Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation ALKALIPHILES Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation HALOPHILES Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation RADIATION RESISTANT MICROORGANISMS Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation PIEZOPHILES Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS Diversity Mechanisms of Adaptation CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Hyperthermophiles: Diversity, Adaptation and Applications Masrure Alam1,* and Baishali Pandit1,2 INTRODUCTION HYPERTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTS Terrestrial Hot Springs Marine Hydrothermal Vents Other Hyperthermal Environments DIVERSITY OF HYPERTHERMOPHILES Diversity of Cultured Hyperthermophiles Diversity of Uncultivated Hyperthermophiles: Information Obtained From Metagenomic Analysis of High-Temperature Environments MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION OF HYPERTHERMOPHILES Adaptations of the Membrane Structures Maintenance of the Nucleic Acid Structures Maintenance of the Structure of Proteins APPLICATIONS OF HYPERTHERMOPHILES Thermophilic and Hyperthermophilic Enzymes with Industrial Applications Enzymes with Molecular Biological Applications Biofuel Production Reduction of Antibiotic Residues and Other Uses CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Psychrophiles Mazharul Abbasi1,* INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY OF PSYCHROPHILES MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION Changes in the Cellular Envelopes Cryoprotection Enzymes Energy Conservation and Metabolic Pathways Cold Shock Proteins (CSPS) Chaperones Other Adaptations APPLICATIONS Enzymes Applications in Molecular Biology In Detergent Industry In Food and Beverage Industries In Bioremediation Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Production of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) Production of Compatible Solutes FUTURE PROSPECTS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Acidophilic Microbes: Diversity and Adaptation to Low pH Anirudra Gurung1,* and Cyaria Gurung2 INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY OF ACIDOPHILES MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION TO LOW PH Impermeable Cell Membrane Decreased Pore Size of Transporters Reverse Membrane Potential Efflux Proton Transporter Cytoplasmic Buffering Proton Uncoupling Chaperone Proteins Quorum Sensing (QS) System CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Alkaliphiles: Diversity, Adaptation and Applications Supriya Mandal1 and Junaid Jibran Jawed1,* INTRODUCTION HABITATS AND ISOLATION OF ALKALIPHILES DIVERSITY OF ALKALIPHILES MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION Cell Membrane Modifications Modifications in the Cytoplasm Production of Extracellular Biomolecules Genomic Properties APPLICATIONS Biofuels Enzymes Bioplastics Paper Industry Pharmaceutical Products Bioremediation FUTURE PROSPECTS CONCLUDING REMARKS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Halophilic Microorganisms: Diversity, Adaptation and Application Bomba Dam1,*, Srikanta Pal1, Abhijit Sar1 and Puja Mukherjee1 INTRODUCTION SALINE ENVIRONMENTS TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY OF HALOPHILES Taxonomic Diversity of Halophiles in Sambhar Lake PHYSIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HALOPHILES SALT ADAPTATION MECHANISMS IN HALOPHILES ADDITIONAL BENEFITS OF GENERAL SALT TOLERANCE MACHINERIES Heavy Metal Tolerance Antibiotic Resistance Ionic Liquid Tolerance APPLICATION OF HALOPHILES IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS Plant Growth Promotion Under Salt Stress Halophiles and Fermented Foods Industrially Important Enzymes Bioremediation of Polluted Environments Biocontrol Activity Pigments Biopolymers Halocins Compatible Solutes Halophiles and Astrobiology Research CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Piezophiles: Quiddity of Extreme Pressure Devotees Janki Ruparelia1,2, Aniruddh Rabari1,2, Nishra Joshi1,2, Meenu Saraf2 and Chaitanya Kumar Jha1,* INTRODUCTION Origin and Distribution of Piezophiles in Piezosphere Cultivation Methods for Piezophiles DIVERSITY OF PIEZOPHILES MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION APPLICATIONS FUTURE PROSPECTS CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Xerophiles Aranya Mitra1 and Avishek Banik1,* INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY OF XEROPHILIES MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION Behavioral Adaptations Physiological Adaptations Metabolic Adaptations Molecular Adaptations ASTROBIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF XEROPHILES FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Radiation Resistant Microorganisms Upal Das Ghosh1,* INTRODUCTION Types of Radiation Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation DIVERSITY OF RADIATION RESISTANT BACTERIA AND THEIR EVOLUTION MECHANISMS OF RADIATION RESISTANCE Radiation-Induced Damage Ionizing Radiation Induced Damage Non-Ionizing Radiation Induced Damage ADAPTATIONS AGAINST RADIATION Repair of DNA Damage Repair of Protein Damage Efficient Cellular Damage Control Mechanisms Role of Small Non-Coding RNAs APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION RESISTANCE Environmental and Waste Management Biotechnology and Therapeutics FUTURE PROSPECTS CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Metallophiles and Heavy Metal Bioremediation Upashna Chettri1 and Santa Ram Joshi1,* INTRODUCTION SOURCES OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION EFFECTS OF METAL ON DIVERSITY OF METALLOPHILIC BACTERIA MECHANISMS AND GENETIC BASIS OF HEAVY METAL RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA POTENTIAL ROLE OF BACTERIA IN BIOREMEDIATION PHYTOREMEDIATION AND MICROBIAL ASSOCIATIONS CONCLUDING REMARKS FUTURE PROSPECTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Anaerobes Arijit Pal1 and Sekhar Pal2,* INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY OF ANAEROBES Archaea Bacteria MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION Archaeal Mechanisms of Anaerobicity Bacterial Mechanisms of Anaerobicity APPLICATIONS OF ANAEROBES Production of Biofuel Ethanol and Alcoholic Beverages Waste-Water Treatment Detoxification of Poisonous Gas and Halogenated Aromatic Compounds Improvement of Soil Fertility Production of High Value Organic Acids Various other Contributions: from Environment to Economy FUTURE PROSPECTS CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Oligotrophs: Microbes at Low Nutrient Levels Bipransh Kumar Tiwary1,* and Nitya Rai1 INTRODUCTION OLIGOTROPHS: DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS CLASSIFICATION OF OLIGOTROPHS METHODS OF ISOLATION AND CULTIVATION OF OLIGOTROPHS Extinction Culturing Method High-Throughput Culturing (HTC) Method Filtration-Acclimatization Method (FAM) Diffusion Bioreactor Method Soil Substrate Membrane System (SSMS) Chemostat Selection Method DIVERSITY OF OLIGOTROPHS OLIGOTROPHS VS COPIOTROPHS SIGNIFICANCES AND APPLICATIONS OF OLIGOTROPHS Biological Monitoring of Heavy Metals Monitoring of Asepetic Pharmaceutical Production Units Biocontrol Production of Useful Microbial Metabolites Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Insecticide Bioremediation Sand Fixing Agent CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Diversity and Mechanisms of Adaptation of Predominant Bacterial Chemolithotrophs in Extreme Habitats Kunal Kumar Saha1, Subhrangshu Mandal2,* and Masrure Alam3 INTRODUCTION DIVERSITY AND MECHANISMS OF EXTREMOPHILIC LITHOTROPHY Iron Lithotrophy Lithotrophic Attributes by Extremophilic Iron Oxidizing Bacteria (FeOB) Bacterial Diversity and Habitat Specialization Among Extremophilic, Lithotrophic FeOB Mechanisms of Fe (II) Oxidation by Extremophilic, Lithotrophic FeOB Sulfur Lithotrophy Sulfur Lithotrophy in Extremophilic Bacterial Candidates Bacterial Diversity and Habitat Specialization Among Extremophilic, Lithotrophic Sulphur-Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB) Mechanisms of Sulfur Oxidation by Extremophilic, Lithotrophic SOB Hydrogen Lithotrophy Lithotrophy By Extremophilic Hydrogen (H2) Oxidizing Bacteria (HOB) Bacterial Diversity and Habitat Specialization Among Extremophilic Lithotrophic HOB Mechanisms of H2 Oxidation by Extremophilic, Lithotrophic HOB APPLICATIONS OF LITHOTROPHIC EXTREMOPHILIC BACTERIA CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Applications of Extremophiles Urmimala Sen1 and Subhra Kanti Mukhopadhyay1,* INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS OF OLIGOTROPHS APPLICATIONS OF THERMOPHILES APPLICATIONS OF HALOPHILES APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROPHILES APPLICATIONS OF ACIDOPHILES APPLICATIONS OF ALKALIPHILES APPLICATION OF RADIATION-RESISTANT MICROORGANISMS APPLICATIONS OF PIEZOPHILES APPLICATION OF HEAVY METAL RESISTANT MICROORGANISMS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover