Extracellular Matrix Biomineralization of Dental Tissue Structures (Biology of Extracellular Matrix Book 10)

This book addresses the structural and biological properties of dental and peridental tissue structures and covers their mineralization process. The book contains a description of dentines, cementum, enamel and bone, including collagens, as well as non-collagenous proteins (SIBLINGs, SLRPs, GAGs, PGs, lipids, and MMPs). The mechanisms of mineralization are described in detail and the book is focused on matrix vesicles, collagen mineralization and the role of non-collagenous extracellular matrix components either as promoters or inhibitors of mineralization. In addition, the matrix components (non-collagenous) of enamel (amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin, MMP4, MMP20 and other proteases) are reviewed and their respective roles in dental tissues biomineralizations and tissue turnover are discussed. Additionally, environmental factors involved in enamel / dentin defects are adressed. With state-of-the-art contributions from experts in the respective domains, the book is a useful introduction to the field for junior scientists, interested in dental and peridental tissue biomineralization. It is also an interesting read for advanced scientists and clinicians working in dental research, giving them a broader view of the topic beyond their area of specialization. The series Biology of Extracellular Matrix is published in collaboration with the American Society for Matrix Biology. Preface Contents Part I: Extracellular Matrix Molecules of Mineralized Structures Chapter 1: Structure of Collagen-Derived Mineralized Tissues (Dentin, Cementum, and Bone) and Non-collagenous Extra Cellular M... 1.1 Mineralization in Collagen-Derived Tissues 1.1.1 Matrix Vesicle (MV) Initiated Mineralization 1.1.2 Collagen and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins-Derived Mineralization 1.1.2.1 Dentin Anatomy of Dentin Matrix Vesicles Initiated Mineralization in Mantle Dentin Collagen and ECM Proteins-Derived Mineralization in Circumpulpal Dentin Dentin Formation Cells, Structure and Extracellular Matrix Components of Dentin Circumpulpal (and Secondary) Dentin Formation 1.2 Cementum 1.2.1 Cementum Anatomy 1.2.2 Cementum Formation (Cementogenesis) 1.3 Bone 1.3.1 Bone Anatomy 1.3.2 Bone Cells 1.3.3 Types of Bone Formation 1.3.3.1 Primary Bone 1.3.4 Bone Structural Systems 1.3.4.1 Osteon 1.3.4.2 Secondary Bone 1.3.4.3 Craniofacial Bones 1.3.5 Bone Composition (Also See Chap. 2) 1.3.5.1 ECM Structure 1.3.5.2 Bone Mineral Composition 1.4 Mineralization in Non-collagen-Derived Tissues 1.4.1 Enamel 1.4.1.1 Anatomic Organization The Formation of Enamel from Secretion to Maturation 1.4.1.2 Mature Enamel 1.4.1.3 Enamel Mineralization References Chapter 2: Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Nomenclature and Functions in Biomineralization 2.1 ECM Proteins in Collagen-Derived Mineralized Tissues 2.1.1 Collagens 2.1.2 Non-collagenous Proteins (NCPs) 2.1.2.1 The Small Integrin-Binding Ligand N-Linked Glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) 2.1.2.2 Proteoglycans 2.1.2.3 Other Proteins Present in the ECM Implicated in Mineralization 2.1.2.4 Lipids 2.2 ECM Proteins in Non-collagen-Derived Mineralized Tissue/Enamel 2.2.1 Composition 2.3 Conclusion References Part II: Collagen-Derived Extracellular Matrix Components: Dentin, Bone and Cementum Chapter 3: Collagenous Mineralized Tissues: Composition, Structure, and Biomineralization 3.1 Composition of CMTs 3.1.1 Mineral Phases in CMTs 3.1.1.1 Nano-crystalline Nonstoichiometric Apatite: The Major Mineral Phase of CMTs 3.1.1.2 Minor Mineral Phases in CMTs 3.1.2 Organic Components of CMTs 3.1.2.1 Collagen Type I: The Major Component of CMTs 3.1.2.2 Noncollagenous Macromolecules 3.1.2.3 Small Molecules 3.2 Structural Organization of CMTs 3.3 Biomineralization of CMTs 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Non-collagenous ECM Matrix Components Growth Factors and Cytokines Involved in Matrix Mineralization 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Extracellular Matrix Components 4.2.1 Collagen 4.2.2 Non-collagenous Proteins (NCPs) 4.3 Noncollagenous Proteins in the Dentin Matrix That Regulate Mineralization 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Dentin Sialoprotein (DSP) and Dentin Phosphoprotein (DPP) 4.3.3 Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1, AG1) 4.3.4 Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) (Osteocyte/Osteoblast Factor 45 (OF45), Osteoregulin) 4.3.5 Osteopontin (OPN) (Bone Sialoprotein 1 (BSP1)/Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1)) 4.3.6 Bone Sialoprotein (BSP2) 4.3.7 Type II TGF-β Receptor Interacting Protein-1 (TRIP1) 4.4 Glucose Regulatory Protein-78 (GRP78) 4.5 Growth Factors and Cytokines 4.6 Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) 4.6.1 Extracellular Matrix Regulation of BMPs and TGFβ Signaling 4.7 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Odontoblast Processes: New Insights into Its Role in Dentin Mineralization 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Entire Dentinal Tubule Is Full of Numerous Mini-branches with Significantly Higher Dentinal Tubules in the Edge of the... 5.3 Mineralization Is Not Limited to the Mineralization Front but Occurs Throughout Dentin Matrices Surrounding Odontoblast Pr... 5.4 Cell Lineage Tracing Combined with Mineral Dye Injections Demonstrate that Mineralization Occurs Along with the Entire Den... 5.5 Vital Roles of Molecules in Odontoblast Differentiation and Dentin Mineralization 5.5.1 Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) Is Critical for Proper Dentin Mineralization 5.5.2 Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Is Critical for Postnatal Dentin Formation 5.5.3 BMP1/TLL1 Plays Crucial Roles in Maintaining Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis Essential to Root Formation and Dentin Min... 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans (SLRPs) and Biomineralization 6.1 Introduction 6.2 SLRP Family 6.2.1 Protein Structures/Domains 6.3 SLRPs in Mineralized Tissues and Their Potential Functions 6.3.1 Identification and Localization of SLRPs in Pre- and Mineralizing-Fractions and Available Imaging Techniques 6.3.2 Collagen-Based Mineralization and SLRPs 6.3.3 GAGs in Mineralization 6.3.4 SLRP Functions in Biomineralization 6.3.5 Effect of SLRPs on Biomineralization Through Gain- and Loss-of-Function Approaches In Vitro 6.3.6 Gene KO Models: SLRPs Affect Bone/Tooth Structures/Mineralization 6.4 SLRPs as Therapeutics and Tissue Engineering References Chapter 7: Cementum Proteins Beyond Cementum 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Origins of Cementum 7.3 Cementum Structure 7.4 Cementum Function 7.5 Cementum Composition 7.5.1 Inorganic Components 7.5.2 Organic Components 7.5.3 Collagens 7.5.4 Proteoglycans/Glycosaminoglycans 7.5.5 Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNALP) 7.6 Phosphoproteins 7.7 Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins 7.8 Enamel-Related Proteins 7.9 Amelogenin (AMEL) 7.10 Ameloblastin (AMBN) 7.11 Cementum-Specific Proteins 7.11.1 Cementum-Derived Growth Factor (CGF) 7.11.2 Cementum Attachment Protein (CAP) 7.11.3 Cementum Protein 1 (CEMP1) 7.12 Cementum Therapeutics 7.13 Novel Prospects 7.13.1 Stem Cells 7.13.2 Cementum Proteins 7.14 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Biochemistry of Non-collagenous Proteins of Bone 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Function of Non-collagenous Proteins in Bone 8.2.1 Non-collagenous Proteins with Catalytic Functions 8.2.2 Non-catalytic Non-collagenous Proteins of Bone 8.2.3 Other Binding Sites Through Which Non-collagenous Proteins Mediate Their Functions 8.2.4 Methodology Affects the Way We Think About Bone Formation 8.2.5 How does age affect the composition of bone matrix (or woven bone versus lamellar bone)? 8.2.6 Replacement of Non-collagenous Proteins to Treat Human Disease 8.3 Conclusions References Part III: Enamel Chapter 9: Human Tooth Enamel, a Sophisticated Material 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Hierarchical Structure of Teeth 9.2.1 Construction of Human Tooth Enamel 9.2.1.1 Microscale 9.2.1.2 Nanoscale Crystals Morphology Crystals Chemical Composition Crystals Atomic Structure Crystals Surface Structure 9.3 Mechanical Properties 9.3.1 Mechanical Properties of the Jaw 9.3.1.1 Macroscale Properties The Jaw Bones Relationship of Bone Piezoelectric Properties and Activity of Bone Cells 9.4 Nanoscale Properties 9.4.1 The Teeth 9.4.1.1 Human Tooth Dentine and Enamel 9.4.2 Piezoelectric Properties of Enamel and Dentine 9.4.3 Mechanisms of the Carious Dissolution Process 9.4.4 The Carious Process at the Macroscale Level 9.4.5 The Dental Caries at the Nanoscale Level 9.5 Defect Analysis 9.5.1 Defects in Ionic Crystals 9.5.1.1 Relationship to Crystal Growth 9.5.1.2 Surface Charge 9.5.2 Etch Pit Dislocation Analysis 9.5.3 Etch Pit Dislocations in Apatite 9.5.3.1 Surface Energy Calculations 9.5.3.2 Crystal Defects in Enamel Crystals Analysis Using TEM 9.5.4 Central Dark Line 9.6 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Proteinases in Enamel Development 10.1 Enamel Formation Overview 10.2 Matrix Metalloproteinase-20 10.3 Kallikrein-Related Peptidase-4 10.4 A Disintegrin and Metallopeptidase Domain-10 References Chapter 11: Enamel Matrix Biomineralization: The Role of pH Cycling 11.1 Part 1: Secretion of Matrix Proteins, Enamel Mineralization, and pH Regulation 11.1.1 Introduction 11.1.2 Secretory Stage Enamel 11.1.3 Maturation Stage Enamel 11.1.4 Discovery of pH Cycling 11.1.5 Amelogenin-Mediated Enamel Matrix Mineralization 11.1.5.1 Disassembly of Amelogenin Bound on HAP Crystals 11.1.6 Enamel Matrix Proteinases, MMP-20, and KLK4 11.1.6.1 Optimal Conditions for Proteinase Activity in the Enamel Matrix 11.1.7 A Model for pH Cycling and KLK4-Regulated Enamel Maturation 11.2 Part 2: Regulations of Ion-Pumps, Transporters and Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) Involved in Enamel Mineralization and pH Mod... 11.2.1 Regulation of Matrix pH 11.2.1.1 Matrix Acidification 11.2.1.2 Buffering to Neutralize Matrix pH 11.2.2 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Environmental Factors and Enamel/Dentin Defects 12.1 Fluoride and Fluorosis 12.2 Endocrine Disruptors and Enamel Hypomineralization 12.3 Combinations of Environmental Factors 12.4 Conclusions References