Exploring Chemical Analysis , Fourth Edition

Exploring Chemical Analysis provides an ideal one-term introduction to analytical chemistry for students whose primary interests generally lie outside of chemistry. Combining coverage of all major analytical topics with effective problem-solving methods, it teaches students how to understand analytical results and how to use quantitative manipulations, preparing them for the problems they will encounter in fields from biology to chemistry to geology.The new edition includes new applications throughout, more emphasis on “green chemistry,” and more integration of Excel. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page ......Page 5 Copyright Page ......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Problem Solving......Page 13 The People......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 15 0-1 The Analytical Chemist’s Job......Page 17 Sample Preparation......Page 18 The Chemical Analysis (At Last!)......Page 20 Calibration Curves......Page 21 Interpreting the Results......Page 22 Quality Assurance......Page 23 0-2 General Steps in a Chemical Analysis......Page 25 0-3 Charles David Keeling and the Measurement of Atmospheric CO2......Page 26 1-1 SI Units and Prefixes......Page 35 1-2 Conversion Between Units......Page 39 Molarity and Molality......Page 41 Percent Composition......Page 43 Parts per Million and Parts per Billion......Page 44 1-4 Preparing Solutions......Page 45 1-5 The Equilibrium Constant......Page 49 Manipulating Equilibrium Constants......Page 50 Le Châtelier’s Principle......Page 51 2-1 Safety, Waste Disposal, and Green Chemistry......Page 57 2-2 Your Lab Notebook......Page 58 2-3 The Analytical Balance......Page 59 Buoyancy......Page 61 2-4 Burets......Page 62 2-5 Volumetric Flasks......Page 64 Micropipets......Page 66 2-7 Filtration......Page 68 2-8 Drying......Page 69 2-10 Methods of Sample Preparation......Page 70 Fusion ......Page 71 Extraction......Page 72 Reference Procedure: Calibrating a 50-mL Buret......Page 73 3-1 Significant Figures......Page 77 Addition and Subtraction......Page 78 Multiplication and Division......Page 79 Logarithms and Antilogarithms......Page 80 Systematic Error ......Page 81 Absolute and Relative Uncertainty......Page 84 Addition and Subtraction......Page 85 Multiplication and Division......Page 86 The Real Rule for Significant Figures......Page 88 A Spreadsheet for Temperature Conversions......Page 90 Documentation and Readability......Page 92 3-6 Graphing in Excel......Page 93 4-1 The Gaussian Distribution......Page 99 Mean and Standard Deviation......Page 100 Confidence Intervals......Page 102 Comparison of Means with Student’s t......Page 104 4-3 A Spreadsheet for the t Test......Page 106 4-4 Grubbs Test for an Outlier......Page 108 Method of Least Squares ......Page 109 How Reliable Are Least-Squares Parameters?......Page 111 4-6 Constructing a Calibration Curve......Page 112 Finding the Protein in an Unknown......Page 113 4-7 A Spreadsheet for Least Squares......Page 114 Adding Error Bars to a Graph......Page 116 Use Objectives......Page 123 Specifications......Page 124 Assessment......Page 126 Limits of Detection and Quantitation......Page 128 5-3 Standard Addition......Page 131 Graphical Procedure for Standard Addition......Page 133 5-4 Internal Standards......Page 135 6-1 Principles of Volumetric Analysis......Page 143 1:1 Stoichiometry......Page 146 x :y Stoichiometry ......Page 147 6-3 Chemistry in a Fishtank......Page 148 Calculating the Solubility of an Ionic Compound......Page 152 The Common Ion Effect......Page 153 6-5 Titration of a Mixture......Page 156 6-6 Titrations Involving Silver Ion......Page 158 Fajans Titration......Page 159 7-1 Examples of Gravimetric Analysis......Page 167 7-2 Precipitation......Page 169 Homogeneous Precipitation......Page 171 Precipitation in the Presence of Electrolyte......Page 172 Purity......Page 174 Product Composition......Page 175 7-3 Examples of Gravimetric Calculations......Page 176 Gravimetric Combustion Analysis......Page 180 Combustion Analysis Today......Page 181 8-1 What Are Acids and Bases?......Page 187 8-2 Relation Between [H+], [OH- ], and pH......Page 188 8-3 Strengths of Acids and Bases......Page 190 Carboxylic Acids Are Weak Acids and Amines Are Weak Bases......Page 191 Metal Ions with Charge ≥ 2 Are Weak Acids......Page 193 Relation Between Ka and Kb......Page 194 pH of a Strong Acid......Page 195 pH of a Strong Base......Page 196 Weak Is Conjugate to Weak......Page 197 8-6 Weak-Acid Equilibrium......Page 198 Fraction of Dissociation......Page 200 The Essence of a Weak-Acid Problem ......Page 201 8-7 Weak-Base Equilibrium......Page 202 Conjugate Acids and Bases—Revisited......Page 204 9-1 What You Mix Is What You Get......Page 211 9-2 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation......Page 212 When [A-]/[HA] Changes by a Factor of 10,the pH Changes by One Unit......Page 213 9-3 A Buffer in Action......Page 214 9-4 Preparing Buffers......Page 217 Preparing a Buffer in Real Life......Page 218 9-5 Buffer Capacity......Page 219 9-6 How Acid-Base Indicators Work......Page 222 10-1 Titration of Strong Base with Strong Acid......Page 229 10-2 Titration of Weak Acid with Strong Base......Page 232 The Titration Curve......Page 235 10-3 Titration of Weak Base with Strong Acid......Page 236 Using Indicators to Find the End Point......Page 238 Using a pH Electrode to Find the End Point ......Page 239 10-5 Practical Notes......Page 243 10-6 Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analysis......Page 244 Titrating a Weak Acid with a Strong Base......Page 246 Titrating a Weak Base with a Strong Acid......Page 248 Reference Procedure: Preparing standard acid and base......Page 252 11-1 Amino Acids Are Polyprotic......Page 255 Relation Between Ka and Kb......Page 257 11-2 Finding the pH in Diprotic Systems......Page 258 The Basic Form, L-......Page 259 The Intermediate Form, HL......Page 262 Summary of Diprotic Acid Calculations ......Page 264 11-3 Which Is the Principal Species?......Page 265 11-4 Titrations in Polyprotic Systems......Page 268 Proteins Are Polyprotic Acids and Bases......Page 272 12-1 The Effect of Ionic Strength on Solubility of Salts......Page 281 What Do We Mean by “Ionic Strength”?......Page 282 12-2 Activity Coefficients......Page 283 Activity Coefficients of Ions......Page 284 How to Interpolate......Page 286 Activity Coefficients of Nonionic Compounds......Page 287 High Ionic Strengths......Page 288 The Real Definition of pH......Page 289 Charge Balance......Page 290 Mass Balance......Page 291 12-4 Systematic Treatment of Equilibrium......Page 292 Coupled Equilibria: Solubility of CaF[sub(2)]......Page 293 12-5 Fractional Composition Equations......Page 295 13-1 Metal-Chelate Complexes......Page 303 13-2 EDTA......Page 306 13-3 Metal Ion Indicators......Page 309 Back Titration......Page 311 Indirect Titration......Page 312 Masking......Page 313 Fractional Composition of EDTA Solutions......Page 314 Conditional Formation Constant ......Page 315 13-6 EDTA Titration Curves......Page 317 Titration Calculations......Page 318 Beware......Page 319 Chemistry and Electricity ......Page 325 Electric Current Is Proportional to the Rate of a Redox Reaction......Page 326 Voltage and Electrical Work......Page 327 14-2 Galvanic Cells......Page 328 A Cell in Action......Page 329 Line Notation ......Page 331 14-3 Standard Potentials......Page 332 What the Standard Potential Means......Page 334 14-4 The Nernst Equation......Page 335 Nernst Equation for a Half-Reaction......Page 336 Nernst Equation for a Complete Reaction......Page 337 Different Descriptions of the Same Reaction......Page 338 Advice for Finding Relevant Half-Reactions......Page 339 14-5 E° and the Equilibrium Constant......Page 340 Silver-Silver Chloride Reference Electrode ......Page 343 Voltage Conversions Between Different Reference Scales......Page 344 15-1 The Silver Indicator Electrode......Page 351 Titration of a Halide Ion with Ag+......Page 352 Double-Junction Reference Electrode ......Page 353 Direct Versus Relative Potentiometric Measurements ......Page 355 15-3 How Ion-Selective Electrodes Work......Page 357 Two Classes of Indicator Electrodes......Page 358 15-4 pH Measurement with a Glass Electrode......Page 359 Errors in pH Measurement......Page 360 Solid-State pH Sensors......Page 362 Solid-State Electrodes ......Page 363 Liquid-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes......Page 364 Selectivity Coefficient......Page 365 Compound Electrodes ......Page 367 16-1 Theory of Redox Titrations......Page 373 Shapes of Redox Titration Curves ......Page 377 16-2 Redox Indicators......Page 379 16-3 Titrations Involving Iodine......Page 380 Preparation and Standardization of I[sub(3)][sup(-)] Solutions......Page 382 Use of Sodium Thiosulfate......Page 384 Electrogravimetric Analysis......Page 389 Coulometric Analysis......Page 390 17-2 Amperometry......Page 392 Glucose Monitors......Page 393 Cells with Three Electrodes......Page 394 Amperometric Detector for Chromatography......Page 395 17-3 Voltammetry......Page 397 17-4 Polarography......Page 399 The Polarogram......Page 400 Square Wave Voltammetry......Page 401 Stripping Analysis......Page 402 18-1 Properties of Light......Page 409 Transmittance, Absorbance, and Beer’s Law......Page 412 Absorption Spectra and Color......Page 416 18-3 Practical Matters......Page 418 Good Operating Techniques......Page 419 18-4 Using Beer’s Law......Page 420 Using a Standard Curve to Measure Nitrite......Page 422 Enzyme-Based Nitrate Analysis—A Green Idea......Page 424 19-1 The Spectrophotometer......Page 431 Light Source......Page 432 Monochromator......Page 433 Detector......Page 435 Photodiode Array Spectrophotometer......Page 436 19-2 Analysis of a Mixture......Page 437 Isosbestic Points......Page 439 19-3 Spectrophotometric Titrations......Page 440 Electronic States of Formaldehyde ......Page 441 What Happens to Absorbed Energy? ......Page 443 19-5 Luminescence in Analytical Chemistry......Page 446 Fluorimetric Assay of Selenium in Brazil Nuts......Page 447 Immunoassays......Page 448 20-1 What Is Atomic Spectroscopy?......Page 457 20-2 Atomization: Flames, Furnaces, and Plasmas......Page 458 Furnace......Page 459 Detection Limits......Page 461 The Effect of Temperature on Absorption and Emission......Page 463 Hollow-Cathode Lamps......Page 464 Background Correction ......Page 465 Multielement Analysis with the Inductively Coupled Plasma......Page 466 Types of Interference ......Page 467 Virtues of the Inductively Coupled Plasma......Page 468 20-6 Inductively Coupled Plasma– Mass Spectrometry......Page 469 21-1 What Is Chromatography?......Page 475 21-2 How We Describe a Chromatogram......Page 477 Theoretical Plates......Page 478 Resolution......Page 479 Scaling Up a Separation......Page 480 Bands Diffuse ......Page 481 Plate Height Equation......Page 482 Open Tubular Columns......Page 483 21-4 Mass Spectrometry......Page 485 A Mass Spectrometer......Page 486 Ionization......Page 487 Total Ion and Selected Ion Chromatograms......Page 488 Fragmentation Patterns ......Page 489 Isotope Patterns and the Nitrogen Rule......Page 490 22-1 Gas Chromatography......Page 497 Columns......Page 498 Temperature Programming......Page 501 Sample Injection......Page 502 Flame Ionization Detector......Page 503 Other Detectors......Page 504 Mass Spectrometric Detection and Selected Reaction Monitoring......Page 505 Solvents......Page 507 22-3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography......Page 508 Stationary Phase......Page 510 The Column ......Page 511 Detectors......Page 513 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry......Page 515 22-4 Sample Preparation for Chromatography......Page 517 23-1 Ion-Exchange Chromatography......Page 527 Ion-Exchange Selectivity......Page 528 Preconcentration......Page 530 23-2 Ion Chromatography 515......Page 531 23-3 Molecular Exclusion Chromatography......Page 532 Molecular Mass Determination ......Page 533 23-4 Affinity Chromatography......Page 534 23-5 What Is Capillary Electrophoresis?......Page 535 Electroosmosis......Page 537 Detectors......Page 538 23-7 Types of Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 539 Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography......Page 540 Capillary Gel Electrophoresis......Page 541 23-8 Lab on a Chip: Probing Brain Chemistry......Page 543 Appendix A ......Page 549 Appendix B ......Page 551 Appendix C ......Page 559 Appendix D ......Page 563 Glossary......Page 566 Solutions to “Ask Yourself ”Questions......Page 583 Answers to Problems......Page 604 Index......Page 613

intended For Science Majors Who Will Use Chemical Measurements In Their Field Of Work, This Textbook Describes Titration Procedures For Measuring Volume, Electrochemical Methods For Measuring Chemical Concentrations, And Separation Techniques For Identifying The Components Of A Mixture. The Third Edition Adds A Chapter On Quality Assurance, Emphasizes The Mass Spectrometer As A Chromatographic Detector, And Expands The Material On Excel Spreadsheets. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, Or

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when California-based Chemist Harris Wrote The 1997 First Edition, He Intended It As A Textbook For A Short And Elementary Introductory Course For Students Whose Primary Interest Lay Outside Chemistry. Feedback From That Edition Has Convinced Him To Add Many Topics To The Second That He Rejected From The First. They Include Activity Coefficients, A Systematic Treatment Of Equilibrium, Edta And Redox Titration Calculations, Instrumental Methods In Electrochemistry, And An Expanded Discussion Of Spectrophotometry. He Has Also Increased The Number Of Experiments And Chapter Problems, And Rearranged Some Of The Material. Annotation C. Book News, Inc., Portland, Or (booknews.com)