Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field

__Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field, Second Edition__ provides a comprehensive manual on animal behavior lab activities. This new edition brings together basic research and methods, presenting applications and problem-solving techniques. It provides all the details to successfully run designed activities while also offering flexibility and ease in setup. The exercises in this volume address animal behavior at all levels, describing behavior, theory, application and communication. Each lab provides details on how to successfully run the activity while also offering flexibility to instructors. This is an important resource for students educators, researchers and practitioners who want to explore and study animal behavior. The field of animal behavior has changed dramatically in the past 15 - 20 years, including a greater use and availability of technology and statistical analysis. In addition, animal behavior has taken on a more applied role in the last decade, with a greater emphasis on conservation and applied behavior, hence the necessity for new resources on the topic. Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgments 1 - A question of behaviors: how to design, test, and use an ethogram Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Species and subject selection Materials needed, including variations based on species selection Step-by-step instructions Results/discussion Assignment 1 Assignment 2 Assignment 3 (if assigned) Paper instructions Conclusions References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation In-class preparation 2 - Consistency in data collection: creating operational definitions∗ Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Step-by-step instructions Step 1: preliminary observations Questions for discussion Step 2: creating an operational definition for locomotion Step 3: creating an operational definition for contact Step 4: creating an operational definition for feeding Results/data analysis Interobserver reliability Discussion questions References Classroom management Teaching the activity Preclass preparation Modifications to this activity Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students In-class preparation Step 1: preliminary observations Step 2: creating an operational definition for locomotion Step 3: creating an operational definition for contact Step 4: creating an operational definition for feeding Analytical approach Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Answer key Preliminary questions End-of-activity questions 3 - Observation and inference in observing human and nonhuman behavior Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Part 1: Observing Human smiles Procedure Results/discussion Analytical approach Questions Part 2. Observation and inference when observing nonhuman animals Procedure Results/discussion Questions References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation Modifications to the activity In-class preparation Analytical approach Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Answer key (smiling) Answer key (videos) 4 - A matter of time: comparing observation methods Outline placeholder Learning goals and objectives Background Purpose Behavioral “rules” Methods Results and discussion References Classroom management Teaching the activity (preclass preparation) Teaching the activity (in-class preparation) Crane video activity Answers to crane activity questions Tiger video activity Answers to tiger activity questions Answers to general questions for students 5 - Who is taking whom for a walk? An observational study of dog–human interactions Outline placeholder Background Purpose Methods Step-by-step instructions Results/discussion Questions References Classroom management Question answers 6 - Movement analysis: expanding the resolution of analysis in animal behavior Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background information Purpose Methods Species selection Materials needed, including variations based on species selection Step-by-step instructions Learning exercise 1: the Eshkol–Wachman Movement Notation sphere Learning exercise 2: partnerwise orientation Learning exercise 3: opposition The Eshkol–Wachman Movement Notation activity Step 1. Create EWMN sheets Step 2. Using the video A (aerial view) notate interanimal dynamics Results/discussion Connections with current literature References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Teaching movement analysis Recommendations regarding selection of species and/or setting for exercise Ideas for in-class or online discussion Modifications to the activity Video duration and quality Options to lengthen or shorten learning activities Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Continuation/advanced Eshkol–Wachman Movement Notation Learning exercise 4: types of movement Learning exercise 5: notating movement of limb segments Activity step 3. Notate movements over time during cricket combat Activity step 4. Notate limb movements over time during cricket combat Answer key 7 - The evolution of behavior: a phylogenetic approach Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Building and interpreting phylogenetic trees Using phylogenies to reconstruct the evolution of behaviors Purpose Methods Activity 1: Whole-class exercise Defining character states Mapping characters onto the tree Results/discussion Questions for in-class discussion Activity 2: Small-group projects References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation and potential variations In-class preparation Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Another potential modification to the activity Answers to the questions for in-class discussion Appendix: Using Mesquite Creating and editing trees Discrete character state reconstruction using parsimony 8 - Examining variability in the song of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Species selection Materials needed Step-by-step instructions Results/discussion References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation In-class preparation Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Answer key 9 - Learning to be winners and losers: agonistic behavior in crayfish Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Materials needed Step-by-step instructions Results/discussion For further discussion References Classroom management Teaching the activity Preclass preparation In-class preparation Answer key for discussion questions Optional extensions 10 - Love is blind: investigating the perceptual world of a courting parasitoid Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background information Purpose Methods and materials Species selection Part 1. Observing interactions Sex identification Wasp wrangling techniques Initial attraction, baseline activity, and latency Part 2. Observing Melittobia sexual behaviors Part 3. Determining courtship attraction cues Prepare the choice chamber Identify, test, and control possible variables Standardize terminology and process Test potential attraction cues Part 4. Results and data analysis Write your final report Questions for discussion Classroom management Teaching the activity Background Obtaining and preparing materials Animal care guidelines Planning for sufficient experimental organisms Process to use the initial culture(s) directly Process to produce all-male cultures Process to multiply and/or maintain ongoing mixed-sex Melittobia cultures Process to make bioassay chambers In-class preparation Analytical approach Possible extensions/continuations Sample observational results Part 1. Observing interactions Part 2. Observing Melittobia sexual behaviors Part 3. Determining courtship attraction cues Sample numerical results Answer key to “questions for discussion” References 11 - Are squirrels and ants smart shoppers? How foraging choices may meet current and future needs Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Species selection Option 1: Squirrels Materials needed (for each team of six to eight students) Step-by-step instructions Designing your experiment Preparing for your experiment Setting up your experiment in the field Conducting your observations Finishing up Results/discussion Conclusions Option 2: Ants (family: Formicidae) Materials needed (for each team of two to four students) Step-by-step instructions Designing your experiment Preparing for your experiment Setting up your experiment in the field Conducting your observations Back in the classroom Finishing up Results/discussion Conclusions Questions for discussion Acknowledgments References Further reading Squirrels Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation Recommendations regarding selection of species and/or setting for exercise Recommendations regarding selection of species and/or setting for exercise In-class preparation Analytical approach Analytical approach Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Examples of experiments to isolate correlated independent variables Examples of experiments to isolate correlated independent variables Additional options Additional options Likely results and samples of results Likely results and samples of results Sample of results Sample of results Ants (family: Formicidae) Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation In-class preparation Analytical approach Analytical approach Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extension or continuations for more advanced classes Recommendations for extension or continuations for more advanced classes Sample of results Sample of results Answers to discussion questions (these apply to both the squirrel and the ant exercises) 12 - Predators strike and prey counterstrike Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Materials Procedure Results/discussion Questions References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation Materials Data analysis Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Answer key 13 - The circle game: intergenerational transmission and modification of solutions to a universal need Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Step-by-step instructions Results/discussion Discussion questions Acknowledgement References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation In-class preparation Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Samples of results Discussion questions 14 - Demonstrating strategies for solving the prisoner's dilemma Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Procedure 1 (iterated prisoner's dilemma) Procedure 2 (prisoner's dilemma) Results and discussion Data analysis Discussion questions References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Played outside class Played in class Teaching the activity Data analysis Answer key Reference 15 - Using empirical games to teach animal behavior Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Foraging Reproduction Challenge for possession of a breeding site End of the bout Results/discussion Upping your game by applying lessons of behavioral ecology Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation In-class preparation Rules of play Duration of play Analysis between bouts Answer key References 16 - Finding food is fun! Location discrimination training Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background The four quadrants of operant conditioning Purpose Methods Materials needed Step-by-step instructions Step 1. Pretraining Step 2. Location discrimination training Step 3. Stimulus generalization testing Hypothesis, expected results, and interpretation Results/discussion: go–no go as the dependent variable Results/discussion: latency as the dependent variable Conclusions Discussion questions References Classroom management Teaching the activity Preclass preparation Materials Species selection In-class preparation Analyzing data Discrimination analysis Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Answer key 17 - Using natural behavior as a guide for welfare Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Species selection Materials needed Step-by-step instructions Results/discussion Analytical approach Conclusions Questions to guide students References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation Modifications to the activity In-class preparation Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Sample answers to the guiding questions 18 - Conservation behavior: effects of light pollution on insects Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Introduction Light pollution Purpose Methods Study subject: Madagascar hissing cockroaches Handling instructions Distinguishing nymphs from adults Sexing adults Materials needed for this activity Step-by-step instructions Classroom management/blocks of analysis Obtaining cockroaches Caring for cockroaches Preparing cockroaches for the experiment Disposing of cockroaches Modifications In-class preparation References 19 - Animal enrichment: creating functional and stimulating enrichment for captive animals. Observing and assessing their use an ... Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Species selection Materials needed Step-by-step instructions Results/discussion Analytical approach How to calculate a two-tailed paired sample t-test in excel Questions References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation In-class preparation Answer key 20 - A nonverbal test battery for evaluating physical and social cognition Outline placeholder Learning objectives Background Purpose Methods Steps Questions Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Preclass preparation Materials and setup In-class preparation Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Answer key for worksheet Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 References 21 - Learning from the primary literature of animal behavior Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background information Purpose Methods Making a methods flow diagram Analysis and summary questions Classroom management/blocks of analysis Scaffolding Article selection Materials needed, including variations Preclass preparation In-class preparation In-class activity Modifications to the activity 22 - The fine print: process and permissions for behavioral research Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Option 1: observational study Option 2: experimental study Results/discussion Reference Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Answer key 23 - Writing science for the general public Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Prewriting Coming up with a title Ledes (leads) Make the reader smile Leave the reader hanging Find common ground with the reader Bullet lede Narrative lede Surprise or paradox lede Body of the work Kickers Circle back to the beginning Make it personal Results/discussion Peer review 1 Peer review 2 (optional) Discussion questions during peer review References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity Modifications to the activity In-class preparation Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes Samples of results 24 - Effective scientific writing Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Basic principles of scientific writing Concise writing Reverse outlining References Preclass preparation In-class preparation Answer key 25 - Writing and reviewing grant proposals Outline placeholder Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts Background Purpose Methods Species selection Materials needed Overview of activities and assignments Choose a species and behavior Journal assignments Milestone assignments In-class peer review assignments Student research grant guidelines (final product guidelines) Preparing the grant Content guide Results/discussion References Classroom management/blocks of analysis Teaching the activity First day lesson plan Weekly lesson plan Peer review practice lesson plan Peer review assignment lesson plan Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students Tools for observational data collection Introduction Reference Basic statistics for behavior Basic terminology Descriptive versus inferential statistics Measurement scales Examples of each measurement scale Overview of measurement scales Frequency distributions and graphs Frequency distributions in table format Frequency distributions in table format The problem with simple frequency distributions The problem with simple frequency distributions A solution to the problem: guidelines for grouping scores into categories A solution to the problem: guidelines for grouping scores into categories General guidelines to create categories General guidelines to create categories Raw scores for example problem Raw scores for example problem Example using raw scores Example using raw scores Graphing Graphing Graphing basics Graphing basics Types of frequency graphs Types of frequency graphs Graphing a discrete variable on the X-axis Graphing a discrete variable on the X-axis Graphing a continuous variable on the X-axis Graphing a continuous variable on the X-axis Measures of central tendency The median: a useful measure of central tendency The median: a useful measure of central tendency Hypothesis testing Critical level of probability Statistics, or measurements of effect Correlation Correlation Correlation coefficient Correlation coefficient The Spearman rank order correlation (called rho or rs) The Spearman rank order correlation (called rho or rs) Complete example Complete example Chi-square Chi-square Calculation of expected values Calculation of expected values Complete example Complete example Test of independence between two variables: contingency table analysis Test of independence between two variables: contingency table analysis Performing a contingency table analysis Performing a contingency table analysis Example Example Mann–Whitney U test Mann–Whitney U test Calculation steps Calculation steps Complete example 1 Complete example 1 Complete example 2 Complete example 2 Kruskal–Wallis Test Kruskal–Wallis Test Calculation steps Calculation steps Complete example Complete example Citation formats for the sciences In-text citation guidelines Citation-sequence system Citation-sequence system Name-year system Name-year system Citing sources at the end of the paper Plagiarism References Attributions Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field, Second Edition provides a comprehensive manual on animal behavior lab activities. This new edition brings together basic research and methods, presenting applications and problem-solving techniques. It provides all the details to successfully run designed activities while also offering flexibility and ease in setup. The exercises in this volume address animal behavior at all levels, describing behavior, theory, application and communication. Each lab provides details on how to successfully run the activity while also offering flexibility to instructors. This is an important resource for students educators, researchers and practitioners who want to explore and study animal behavior. The field of animal behavior has changed dramatically in the past 15 - 20 years, including a greater use and availability of technology and statistical analysis. In addition, animal behavior has taken on a more applied role in the last decade, with a greater emphasis on conservation and applied behavior, hence the necessity for new resources on the topic. Offers an up-to-date representation of animal behavior Examines ethics and approvals for the study of vertebrate animals Includes contributions from a large field of expertise in the Animal Behavior Society Provides a flexible resource that can be used as a laboratory manual or in a flipped classroom setting