Expertise Out of Context: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making (Expertise: Research and Applications Series)

Researchers have revealed that real expertise, while applied to well-defined tasks with highly circumscribed contexts, often stretches beyond its routine boundaries. For example, a medical doctor may be called upon to diagnose a rare disease or perform emergency surgery outside his or her area of specialization because other experts are not available. Moreover, in some cases, the context for expertise is in a constant state of flux, such that no one case is identical. Expertise Out of Context is a culmination of some of the most insightful studies conducted by researchers in the fields of cognitive systems engineering and naturalistic decision making in the effort to better understand expertise and its development. Born out of the Sixth International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making, a conference that gathers researchers who study cognition, perception, and reasoning outside of the traditional laboratory, this book is organized in five parts, the first of which provides an overview of the topic and presents varied perspectives. Consequent sections cover how to make sense of things, tools for thinking out of context, how to cope with uncertainty in a changing workplace, and teams operating out of context. As researchers in naturalistic decision making have investigated such areas as the knowledge and decision-making skills of expert firefighters, critical care nurses, military commanders, and aircraft pilots, this volume is of importance to an expansive audience, including individuals in business, government, industry, and society at large. Introduction: A Context For Out Of Context / Robert R. Hoffman -- The Dynamics Of The Relation Between Applied And Basic Research / Earl Hunt And Susan Joslyn -- A Survey Of The Methods And Uses Of Cognitive Engineering / Graig Bonaceto And Kevin Burns -- Criminal Investigative Decision Making: Context And Process / Laurence Alison, Emma Barrett, And Jonathan Crego -- What's Burning? The Rawfs Heuristic On The Fire Ground / Raanan Lipshitz, Mary Omodei, Jim Mcclellan, And Alexander Weraring -- A Data-frame Theory Of Sensemaking / Gary Klein, Jennifer K. Phillips, Erica L. Rall, And Deborah A. Peluso -- Expert Apprentice Strategies / Laura Militello And Laurie Quill -- Play A Winning Game: An Implementation Of Critical Thinking Training / Karel Van Den Bosch And Marlous M. De Beer -- Measurement Of Initiative In High-speed Tactical Decision Making / Herbert N. Maier And Katherine H. Taber --^ Dialogue As Medium (and Message) For Training Critical Thinking / Marvin S. Cohen, Leonard Adelman, Terry Bresnick, F. Freeman Marvin, Eduardo Salas, And Sharon L. Riedel -- Dealing With Probabilities: On Improving Inferences With Bayesian Boxes / Kevin Burns -- What Makes Intelligence Analysis Difficult?: A Cognitive Task Analysis / Susan G. Hutchins, Peter L. Pirolli, And Stuart K. Card -- Human-centered Computing For Tactical Weather Forecasting: An Example Of The Moving-target Rule / James A. Ballas -- Comparative Cognitive Task Analysis / Susan S. Kirschenbaum, J. Gregory Trafton, And Elizabeth Pratt -- Computer-aided Visualization In Meteorology / J. Gregory Trafton And Robert R. Hoffman -- Cognitive Task Analysis Of The Warning Forecaster's Task: An Invitation For Human-centered Technologies / David W. Klinger, Bianka B. Hahn, And Erica Rall -- Applying Ndm To World Security Needs: Perspectives Of A U.s. Military Practitioner / Frederic J. Brown --^ A Dynamic Network Analysis Of An Organization With Expertise Out Of Context / John Graham, Cleotilde Gonzalez, And Mike Schneider -- Preparing For Operations In Complex Environments: The Leadership Of Multicultural Teams / C. Shawn Burke, Kathleen Hess, Eduardo Salas, Heather Priest, Michael Paley, And Sharon Riedel -- Computational And Theoretical Perspectives On Recognition-primed Decision Making / Walter Warwick And Robert J.b. Hutton -- Analysis Of Team Communication And Performance During Sustained Command-and-control Operations / Donald L. Harville, Linda R. Elliott, And Christopher Barnes -- Training For Multinational Teamwork / Helen Altman Klein And Debra Steele-johnson -- Facilitating Team Adaptation In The Wild: A Theoretical Framework, Instructional Strategies, And Research Agenda / C. Shawn Burke, Eduardo Salas, Sarah Estep, And Linda Pierce. Edited By Robert R. Hoffman. Selected From The Presentations At The Sixth International Conference On Naturalistic Decision Making, Held At Pensacola Beach, Florida, May 13-17, 2003.--editor's Pref. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. This volume contains papers from the Sixth International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making, which was held in Pensacola in May 2003. The title is a play on the title of a previous volume edited by R. Hoffman (et al.), Expertise in Context, which was aimed primarily at the cognitive science and artificial intelligence communities. Expertise Out of Context takes expertise studies into the NDM arena, and asks about what happens when expertise is stretched in one way or another. "Out-of" contexts include: the workplace as a constantly moving target, the team as a constantly changing mix of people and cultures, and the challenge to NDM researchers of learning to be "expert apprentices." This volume also has a few excellent chapters on broader theoretical and methodological issues, and tools for thinking out of context Researchers have revealed that real expertise, while applied to well-defined tasks with highly circumscribed contexts, often stretches beyond its routine boundaries. This work is a culmination of some of the studies