Expelling the poor : Atlantic Seaboard states and the nineteenth-century origins of American immigration policy

"Expelling the Poor examines the origins of immigration restriction in the United States, especially deportation policy. Based on an analysis of immigration policies in major American coastal states, including New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Louisiana, and California, it provides the first sustained study of immigration control conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law in the late nineteenth century. The influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century led nativists in New York and Massachusetts to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already resident in the states to Europe, Canada, or other American states. No other coastal state engaged in immigration regulation with the same level of legislative effort and success as the two states. By locating the roots of American immigration control in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, this book fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy, which has largely focused on anti-Asian racism on the West Coast. By investigating state officials' practices of illegal removal, such as the overseas deportation of those who held American citizenship, this book reveals how the state-level treatment of destitute immigrants set precedents for the assertion by American officers of unrestricted power against undesirable aliens, which characterized later federal control, and demonstrates how American deportation policy operated as part of a broader legal culture of excluding non-producing members from societies in the north Atlantic world"... Read more... Abstract: Expelling the Poor argues that immigration policies in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, driven by cultural prejudice against the Irish and more fundamentally by economic concerns about their poverty, laid the foundations for American immigration control. Read more... Expelling The Poor Examines The Origins Of Immigration Restriction In The United States, Especially Deportation Policy. Based On An Analysis Of Immigration Policies In Major American Coastal States, Including New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Louisiana, And California, It Provides The First Sustained Study Of Immigration Control Conducted By States Prior To The Introduction Of Federal Immigration Law In The Late Nineteenth Century. The Influx Of Impoverished Irish Immigrants Over The First Half Of The Nineteenth Century Led Nativists In New York And Massachusetts To Develop Policies For Prohibiting The Landing Of Destitute Foreigners And Deporting Those Already Resident In The States To Europe, Canada, Or Other American States. No Other Coastal State Engaged In Immigration Regulation With The Same Level Of Legislative Effort And Success As The Two States. By Locating The Roots Of American Immigration Control In Cultural Prejudice Against The Irish And, More Essentially, Economic Concerns About Their Poverty In Nineteenth-century New York And Massachusetts, This Book Fundamentally Revises The History Of American Immigration Policy, Which Has Largely Focused On Anti-asian Racism On The West Coast. By Investigating State Officials' Practices Of Illegal Removal, Such As The Overseas Deportation Of Those Who Held American Citizenship, This Book Reveals How The State-level Treatment Of Destitute Immigrants Set Precedents For The Assertion By American Officers Of Unrestricted Power Against Undesirable Aliens, Which Characterized Later Federal Control, And Demonstrates How American Deportation Policy Operated As Part Of A Broader Legal Culture Of Excluding Non-producing Members From Societies In The North Atlantic World-- Shovelling Out : Ireland And The Emigration Of The Poor -- Problems Of Irish Poverty : The Rise Of State Control On The Atlantic Seaboard -- Different Paths : The Development Of Immigration Policy In Antebellum Coastal States -- Radical Nativism : The Know Nothing Movement And The Citizenship Of Paupers -- A New Birth Of Poverty : Pauper Policy In The Age Of The Civil War And Reconstruction -- The Journey Continued : Post-deportation Lives In Britain And Ireland -- The Moment Of Transition : State Officials, The Federal Government, And The Formation Of American Immigration Policy -- Appendices. Hidetaka Hirota. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Expelling the Poor examines the origins of immigration restriction in the United States, especially deportation policy. Based on an analysis of immigration policies in major American coastal states, including New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Louisiana, and California, it provides the first sustained study of immigration control conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law in the late nineteenth century. The influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century led nativists in New York and Massachusetts to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already resident in the states to Europe, Canada, or other American states. No other coastal state engaged in immigration regulation with the same level of legislative effort and success as the two states. By locating the roots of American immigration control in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, this book fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy, which has largely focused on anti-Asian racism on the West Coast. By investigating state officials' practices of illegal removal, such as the overseas deportation of those who held American citizenship, this book reveals how the state-level treatment of destitute immigrants set precedents for the assertion by American officers of unrestricted power against undesirable aliens, which characterized later federal control. Beginning with Irish migrants' initial departure from Ireland, the book traces their transatlantic passage to North America, the process of their expulsion from the United States, and their post-deportation lives in Europe. In doing so, it places American nativism in a transnational context, demonstrating how American deportation policy operated as part of a broader legal culture of excluding non-producing members from societies in the north Atlantic world. Historians have long assumed that immigration to the United States was free from regulation until anti-Asian racism on the West Coast triggered the introduction of federal laws to restrict Chinese immigration in the 1880s. Studies of European immigration and government control on the East Coast have, meanwhile, focused on Ellis Island, which opened in 1892. In this groundbreaking work, Hidetaka Hirota reinterprets the origins of immigration restriction in the United States, especially deportation policy, offering the first sustained study of immigration control conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law. Faced with the influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century, nativists in New York and Massachusetts built upon colonial poor laws to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already resident to Europe, Canada, or other American states. These policies laid the foundations for federal immigration law. By investigating state officials'practices of illegal removal, including the overseas deportation of citizens, this book reveals how the state-level treatment of destitute immigrants set precedents for the use of unrestricted power against undesirable aliens. It also traces the transnational lives of the migrants from their initial departure from Ireland and passage to North America through their expulsion from the United States and postdeportation lives in Europe, showing how American deportation policy operated as part of the broader exclusion of nonproducing members from societies in the Atlantic world. By locating the roots of American immigration control in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, Expelling the Poor fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy. ## Abstract This book examines the origins of immigration restriction in the United States, especially deportation policy. Based on an analysis of immigration policies in major American coastal states, including New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Louisiana, and California, it provides the first sustained study of immigration control conducted by states prior to the introduction of federal immigration law in the late nineteenth century. The influx of impoverished Irish immigrants over the first half of the nineteenth century led nativists in New York and Massachusetts to develop policies for prohibiting the landing of destitute foreigners and deporting those already in the states to Europe, Canada, or other American states. No other coastal state engaged in immigration regulation with the same level of legislative effort and success as the two states. By locating the roots of American immigration control in cultural prejudice against the Irish and, more essentially, economic concerns about their poverty in nineteenth-century New York and Massachusetts, this book fundamentally revises the history of American immigration policy, which has largely focused on anti-Asian racism on the West Coast. Beginning with Irish migrants’ initial departure from Ireland, this book traces their transatlantic movement to North America, expulsion from the United States, and postdeportation lives. In doing so, it places the implementation of American deportation policy in a broad context that extended from the United States to Ireland, Britain, and Canada, demonstrating how the policy operated as part of a larger legal culture of excluding nonproducing members from societies in the Atlantic world.