Exoplanets: Detection, Formation, Properties, Habitability (Springer Praxis Books / Astronomy and Planetary Sciences) (Springer Praxis Books / Astronomy and Planetary Sciences)

This edited, multi-author volume will be an invaluable introduction and reference to all key aspects in the field of exoplanet research. The reviews cover: Detection methods and properties of known exoplanets, Detection of extrasolar planets by gravitational microlensing. The formation and evolution of terrestrial planets in protoplanetary and debris disks. The brown dwarf-exoplanet connection. Formation, migration mechanisms and properties of hot Jupiters. Dynamics of multiple exoplanet systems. Doppler exoplanet surveys. Searching for exoplanets in the stellar graveyard. Formation and habitability of extra solar planets in multiple star systems. Exoplanet habitats and the possibilities for life. Moons of exoplanets: habitats for life. Contributing authors: Rory Barnes David P. Bennett Jian Ge Nader Haghighipour Patrick Irwin Hugh Jones Victoria Meadows Stanimir Metchev I. Neill Reid George Rieke Caleb Scharf Steinn Sigurdsson EXOPLANETS: DETECTION, FORMATION, PROPERTIES, HABITABILITY......Page 1 Springerlink......Page 0 Half-title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Editor’s Preface......Page 12 List of Contributors......Page 20 1.2 Detection of Extrasolar Planets......Page 22 1.2.1 Radial Velocity Detections......Page 23 1.2.3 Transit Detections......Page 25 1.2.4 Microlensing......Page 27 1.3 Properties of Observed Extrasolar Planets......Page 28 1.4 Sensitivity and Future Methods for Detection of Extrasolar Planets......Page 33 1.4.1 Transit Programmes......Page 34 1.4.2 Direct Optical Detection......Page 35 1.5 Conclusions......Page 37 References......Page 38 2.2 Description of the Doppler Method......Page 42 2.2.1 The High Resolution Cross-Dispersed Echelle Method......Page 43 2.2.2 The Dispersed Fixed-Delay Interferometer Method......Page 46 2.3 Main Results from Single Object Doppler Planet Surveys......Page 49 2.3.1 Main Conclusions on Giant Planets......Page 50 2.4 Science Needs for Multiple Object Doppler Planet Surveys......Page 51 2.5 Early Results from a Multi-Object Doppler Planet Survey......Page 53 2.6.1 Giant Planet Science......Page 58 2.6.2 Comparison with Other Planet Surveys......Page 60 2.6.3 Super-Earth Mass Planets......Page 61 Acknowledgement......Page 62 References......Page 63 3.1 Introduction......Page 68 3.2.1 The Single Lens Case......Page 69 3.2.2 Multiple Lens Systems......Page 72 3.3 Planetary Microlensing Events......Page 74 3.3.1 Planetary Caustic Perturbations......Page 75 3.3.2 Stellar Caustic Perturbations......Page 76 3.3.3 Finite Source Effects......Page 77 3.4 Planetary Parameters from Microlensing Events......Page 79 3.4.1 Angular Einstein Radius......Page 80 3.4.3 Planetary Orbits......Page 85 3.5 Observational Programs......Page 86 3.5.1 Early Observational Results......Page 87 3.5.2 Microlensing Planet Detections......Page 88 3.6 Future Programs......Page 100 3.6.1 The Ultimate Exoplanet Census: Space-Based Microlensing......Page 102 References......Page 104 4.1 Overview......Page 110 4.2.1 Disk Behaviour......Page 112 4.2.2 Terrestrial Planet Formation......Page 116 4.3 Debris Disks......Page 118 4.3.1 Debris in the Solar System......Page 119 4.3.3 Evolution......Page 120 4.3.4 Spectral Energy Distributions......Page 122 4.3.5 Imaging......Page 124 4.4 Conclusion......Page 126 References......Page 127 5.1 Introduction......Page 136 5.2.1 Brown Dwarf Evolution......Page 138 5.2.2 Observed Characteristics......Page 141 5.2.3 Classifying Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets......Page 144 5.3.1 Direct Imaging Surveys......Page 145 5.3.2 Radial Velocity......Page 148 5.3.3 Astrometric Surveys......Page 150 5.3.4 Photometric Methods: Eclipsing Binaries......Page 151 5.4 Brown Dwarfs as Companions......Page 153 5.4.1 Stellar Binary Systems......Page 154 5.4.2 Solar-Type Stars......Page 156 5.4.3 Low Mass Binaries......Page 157 5.4.4 Summary......Page 160 5.5 Future Work......Page 162 5.5.2 High Contrast Imaging......Page 163 5.5.3 Wide Field Imaging Surveys......Page 164 5.5.5 Brown Dwarf Atmospheres......Page 166 References......Page 167 6.1 Introduction......Page 174 6.2 51 Pegasi as a Prototypical Close-Orbiting Exoplanet......Page 176 6.4 Orbital Characteristics of Close-Orbiting Planets......Page 177 6.4.1 Exoplanetary Mass Function......Page 179 6.4.2 Exoplanetary Eccentricities......Page 180 6.4.3 The Parent Stars of Close-Orbiting Exoplanets are Metal-Rich......Page 182 6.5 Migration and Formation of Exoplanets......Page 183 6.5.1 Planet Formation......Page 184 6.5.2 Migration and Evolution......Page 186 6.6 Close-Orbiting Planet Atmospheres......Page 188 6.8 Future......Page 190 6.8.1 The Hunt for Terrestrial Planets......Page 191 References......Page 193 7.1 Introduction......Page 198 7.1.2 Observational Constraints......Page 199 7.2 Review of Orbital Theory......Page 200 7.2.1 Analytical Methods......Page 201 7.2.2 N-body Integrations......Page 207 7.2.3 Dynamical Stability and Chaos......Page 208 7.3 Dynamics of Individual Systems......Page 210 7.4 Distributions of Dynamical Properties......Page 215 7.4.3 Apsidal Motion......Page 216 7.4.4 Proximity to Dynamical Instability......Page 217 Acknowledgments......Page 222 References......Page 223 8.1 The Discovery of Extrasolar Planets......Page 230 8.2.1 Pulsars......Page 231 8.2.2 Searches for Planets......Page 232 8.2.3 Origin of the Pulsar Planets......Page 234 8.2.4 Planet in Messier 4......Page 235 8.3 Planets Around White Dwarfs......Page 237 8.3.1 Timing of Pulsating White Dwarfs......Page 240 8.4 Future Prospects......Page 241 References......Page 242 9.1 Introduction......Page 244 9.2 Dynamical Evolution and Stability......Page 248 9.2.1 Stability of S-type Orbits......Page 250 9.2.2 Stability of P-type Orbits......Page 255 9.3 Planet Formation in Binaries......Page 257 9.4 Habitability......Page 267 9.5 Future Prospects......Page 272 References......Page 273 10.1 Introduction: Astrobiology and Habitability......Page 280 10.1.1 Habitable Zones......Page 281 10.1.2 A Diversity of Habitability......Page 282 10.2.2 Visible Light Coronograph......Page 284 10.3.1 Planetary System Environmental Characteristics......Page 285 10.3.2 Photometry and Photometric Variability......Page 286 10.3.3 Remote Sensing Spectroscopy......Page 287 10.4 Biosignatures: The Global Footprints of Life......Page 293 10.4.1 Atmospheric Biosignatures......Page 294 10.4.2 Surface Signatures......Page 296 10.4.3 Temporal Signatures......Page 297 10.5 Biosignature Detection......Page 299 References......Page 301 11.1 Introduction......Page 306 11.1.1 Habitable Zones and Exoplanets......Page 310 11.2 Moon Formation......Page 311 11.3 Environmental Conditions of Moons......Page 312 11.3.1 Tidal Heating and Boosted Temperatures......Page 317 11.4 Moon Detection......Page 318 11.5 Life on Exomoons......Page 319 11.6 Summary......Page 320 References......Page 321 B......Page 326 D......Page 327 E......Page 328 H......Page 329 J......Page 330 M......Page 331 O......Page 332 R......Page 333 T......Page 334 Z......Page 335 "This edited, multi-author volume will be an invaluable introduction and reference to all key aspects in the field of exoplanet research. The reviews cover: detection methods and properties of known exoplanets; detection of extrasolar planets by gravitational microlensing; the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets in protoplanetary and debris disks; the brown dwarf-exoplanet connection." "This is just a sample. The reviews go on to cover: formation, migration mechanisms and properties of hot Jupiters; dynamics of multiple exoplanet systems; Doppler exoplanet surveys; searching for exoplanets in the stellar graveyard; formation and habitability of extra solar planets in multiple star systems; exoplanet habitats and the possibilities for life; Moons of exoplanets: habitats for life."--Jacket This is the first collection of review articles in one volume covering the very latest developments in exoplanet research. This edited, multi-author volume will be an invaluable introduction and reference to all key aspects in the field this field. The reviews cover topics such as the properties of known exoplanets and searching for exoplanets in the stellar graveyard. The book provides an easily accessible point of reference in a fast moving and exciting field.