Ew 105: Space Electronic Warfare (Artech House Electronic Warfare Library)

Editorial Review:Mr. Adamy logically captures the nexus of space and EW in this easy-to-use reference text. Whether you hail from the space domain or the EW profession, you will be empowered to follow the step-by-step instructions for identifying variables, populating equations and cranking out values to represent real situations. Mr. Adamy takes the complexities of orbital mechanics head on to ensure the reader feels confident when using the equations for everyday assignments. Each example carefully considers all variables relevant to space environment and satellite motion. As we set our sights on maneuvering, operating and defending space, this text will stand up to the task, enabling the reader to boldly go into the final frontier. --Melinda Tourangeau, Executive Director, RVJ Institute Center of Excellence for EMSO Artech House Electronic Warfare Library EW 105: SPACE ELECTRONIC WARFARE 1 CONTENTS 6 PREFACE 14 1 INTRODUCTION 16 1.1 ORBITAL RELATIONSHIPS 17 1.2 BOOK FLOW 17 1.3 HISTORY OF SIGNAL INTELLIGENCE SATELLITE PROGRAMS 18 1.4 A NOTE ABOUT ORBITAL CALCULATIONS IN THIS BOOK 19 2 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY 20 2.1 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY 20 2.1.1 The Law of Sines 21 2.1.2 The Law of Cosines for Sides 21 2.1.3 The Law of Cosines for Angles 22 2.1.4 Right Plane Triangle 22 2.2 THE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE 22 2.3 TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS IN ANY SPHERICAL TRIANGLE 23 2.3.1 Law of Sines for Spherical Triangles 24 2.3.2 Law of Cosines for Sides 24 2.3.3 Law of Cosines for Angles 24 2.3.4 The Right Spherical Triangle 25 2.3.5 Napier’s Rules 25 2.4 EXAMPLES OF PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIANGLES USED IN PROBLEMS 26 3 ORBIT MECHANICS 30 3.1 ELEMENTS OF AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT 30 3.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIZE OF AND ITS PERIOD 33 3.3 SVP 35 3.4 AN EARTH SURFACE LOCATION 36 3.5 THE PROPAGATION DISTANCE 37 3.6 EARTH TRACES 38 3.6.1 Satellite Earth Trace 38 3.6.2 Polar Orbit Earth Traces 40 3.6.3 Synchronous Satellite Earth Traces 41 3.7 LOCATION OF AN EW THREAT 43 3.7.1 Calculating the Look Angles 43 3.7.2 Calculating the Azimuth to the Threat 44 3.7.3 Calculating Range and Elevation to the Threat Location 46 3.8 CALCULATING THE DISTANCE TO THE HORIZON 47 3.8.1 Horizon Distances for Circular Orbits 50 4 RADIO PROPAGATION 52 4.1 INTRODUCTION 52 4.2 ONE-WAY LINK 52 4.3 PROPAGATION LOSS MODELS 55 4.3.1 LOS Propagation 57 4.3.2 Two-Ray Propagation 61 4.3.3 Minimum Antenna Height for Two-Ray Propagation 63 4.3.4 A Note about Very Low Antennas 64 4.3.5 Fresnel Zone 64 4.3.6 Complex Reflection Environment 65 4.3.7 KED 65 4.3.8 Atmospheric Loss 69 4.3.9 Rain and Fog Attenuation 70 5 RADIO PROPAGATION IN SPACE 72 5.1 LOS LOSS 72 5.1.1 Atmospheric Loss 73 5.2 ANTENNA MISALIGNMENT 74 5.3 POLARIZATION LOSS 75 5.4 RAIN LOSS 77 6 SATELLITE LINKS 84 6.1 LINK GEOMETRY 84 6.1.1 Looking Down 87 6.1.2 Plug in Some Orbit Numbers 89 6.1.3 Looking Up 90 6.2 UPLINKS 91 6.2.1 Command Links 93 6.2.2 Intercept Links 94 6.3 DOWNLINKS 95 6.3.1 Telemetry Link 96 6.3.2 Data Link 96 6.3.3 Links to Data Users 97 6.3.4 Jamming Links 97 6.4 HOSTILE LINKS 102 7 LINK VULNERABILITY TO EW 106 7.1 SATELLITE VULNERABILITY 106 7.1.1 Space-Related Link Losses 109 7.1.2 Intercept 109 7.1.3 Spoofing 109 7.1.4 Jamming 109 7.1.5 Problems Worked in This Chapter 110 7.2 DOWNLINK INTERCEPT 111 7.2.1 Geocentric Angle from the Satellite to the Intercept Site 111 7.2.2 Range from the Satellite to the Intercept Site 112 7.2.3 Is the Satellite Above the Horizon from the Intercept Site? 114 7.2.4 How Strong Is the Downlink Signal at the Intercept Site 116 7.2.5 Intercept with Directional Antennas 116 7.2.6 Angles Relative to the Ground Control Station 118 7.2.7 Angles Relative to the Hostile Intercept Site 120 7.2.8 Received Signal at the Intercept Site 124 7.2.9 What Is the Quality of the Intercept Signal? 124 7.3 INTERCEPTING UPLINKS 125 7.4 JAMMING DOWNLINKS 129 7.4.1 The Satellite Downlink 130 7.4.2 The Jammer Link 133 7.4.3 The J/S Formula 133 7.5 JAMMING SATELLITE UPLINKS 134 7.5.1 The Jamming Link 135 7.5.2 Jamming Link Loss 137 7.5.3 Gain of 4-m Jamming Antenna at 5 GHz 137 7.5.4 Jammer ERP 137 7.5.5 The Satellite Uplink 138 7.5.6 Gain of 2-m Uplink Transmitter Antenna 139 7.5.7 Uplink ERP 139 7.5.8 Uplink Loss 140 7.5.9 Gain and Bandwidth of the Uplink Reciving Antenna on the Satellite 140 7.5.10 Antenna 3-dB Beamwidth 140 7.5.11 Offset of the Jammer from the Downlink Receiving Antenna 141 7.5.12 The J/S 142 7.6 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION OF SATELLITE LINKS 143 7.6.1 Attacks on Links 143 7.6.2 Protection Against Jamming 145 8 DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF OBSERVATIONS 148 8.1 CALCULATING THE DISTANCE TO THE HORIZON 149 8.2 HORIZON DISTANCES FOR CIRCULAR ORBITS 151 8.3 CALCULATING THE DURATION OF TARGET AVAILABILITY FROM A SATELLITE 152 8.3.1 Geocentric Viewing Angle 154 8.3.2 Time During Which a Satellite Can See a Point on the Earth 156 8.3.3 The Impact of the Movement of the Earth 157 8.3.4 Viewing Time Formula 158 8.4 DOPPLER SHIFT IN SATELLITE LINK 159 8.4.1 Doppler Shift Formula 159 8.4.2 Receiving Site Velocity 160 8.4.3 Satellite Velocity 160 8.4.4 General Formula for Maximum Doppler Shift 163 8.4.5 General Formula for the Doppler Shift 163 9 INTERCEPT FROM SPACE 166 9.1 INTERCEPT OF RADAR SIGNAL FROM LOW-EARTH SATELLITE 166 9.1.1 Link Loss 167 9.1.2 LOS Loss 169 9.1.3 Atmospheric and Rain Loss 169 9.1.4 Can the Satellite Payload Receive the Signal? 172 9.1.5 Receiver Sensitivity 174 9.1.6 Link Margin 174 9.1.7 Could the Satellite Receive the Signal from Its Horizon? 174 9.1.8 How Long Will the Satellite See the Signal? 177 9.2 HORIZON PLOT ON THE EARTH 178 9.3 INTERCEPT OF THE EARTH SURFACE TARGET USING A NARROW-BEAM RECEIVING ANTENNA 181 9.3.1 Antenna Pointing 181 9.3.2 Intercept Link Equation 184 9.3.3 Link Losses 187 9.3.4 Intercept from the Horizon 191 9.4 INTERCEPT FROM THE SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE 195 9.4.1 With the Satellite on the Horizon 195 9.4.2 With the Satellite Directly Overhead 197 10 JAMMING FROM SPACE 198 10.1 JAMMING OF A GROUND SIGNAL FROM A SATELLITE 198 10.2 JAMMING FROM A SATELLITE 198 10.3 JAMMING OF A COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK 201 10.3.1 The Network 201 10.3.2 Link Equations 201 10.3.3 J/S 205 10.4 JAMMING A MICROWAVE DIGITAL DATA LINK 205 10.5 JAMMING OF A GROUND RADAR FROM SPACE 209 10.5.1 Radar Jamming from a Satellite 209 10.5.2 The Jammed Radar and Its Target 210 10.5.3 The Jammer 211 10.5.4 The Jamming Equation 212 10.5.5 The Jamming Adequacy 212 10.5.6 Protecting an Asset with Low Radar Cross-Section 212 10.5.7 Duration of Jamming 213 A FORMULAS FROM SIGNAL INTELLIGENCE AND EW 214 A.1 INTERCEPT FORMULAS 215 A.1.1 Successful Intercept 215 A.1.2 The Intercept Link Equation 216 A.1.3 Received Signal Quality 216 A.2 COMMUNICATION JAMMING 216 A.2.1 Successful Communications Jamming 217 A.2.2 Communications J/S 218 A.2.3 Communications EP 219 A.3 RADAR JAMMING 220 A.3.1 Successful Radar Jamming 220 A.3.2 Self-Protection Jamming 220 A.3.3 Stand-Off Jamming 221 A.3.4 Required J/S 222 A.3.5 Radar EP 222 B IMPORTANT NUMBERS FOR SPACE EW 226 C DECIBEL MATH 228 C.1 DECIBEL NUMBERS 228 C.2 CONVERSION TO DECIBEL FORM 229 C.3 ABSOLUTE VALUES IN DECIBEL FORM 230 C.4 DECIBEL FORMS OF EQUATIONS 231 C.5 QUICK CONVERSIONS TO DECIBEL VALUES 232 BIBLIOGRAPHY 236 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 238 INDEX 240 Electronic,warfare;,Satellite,communication;,Orbital,mechanics;,Artech,House;,978-1-63081-834-0 Electronic warfare,Satellite communication,Orbital mechanics,Artech House,978-1-63081-834-0