شواهد، اتوس و آزمایش: انسان‌شناسی و تاریخ تحقیقات پزشکی در آفریقا

Medical research has been central to biomedicine in Africa for over a century, and Africa, along with other tropical areas, has been crucial to the development of medical science. At present, study populations in Africa participate in an increasing number of medical research projects and clinical trials, run by both public institutions and private companies. Global debates about the politics and ethics of this research are growing and local concerns are prompting calls for social studies of the "trial communities" produced by this scientific work. Drawing on rich, ethnographic and historiographic ­­­material, this volume represents the emergent field of anthropological inquiry that links Africanist ethnography to recent concerns with science, the state, and the culture of late capitalism in Africa. Studying trial communities: anthropological and historical inquiries into ethos, politics and economy of medical research in Africa / P. Wenzel Geissler Writing knowledge and acknowledgement: possibilities in medical research / Susan Reynolds Whyte Can one rely on knowledge? / Marilyn Strathern Being 'with MRC': infant care and the social meanings of cohort membership in Gambia's plural therapeutic landscapes / Melissa Leach and James Fairhead Contextualising ethics in AIDS research: or, the morality of knowledge production in ethnographic fieldwork on 'the unspeakable' / Hansjörg Dilger Testing a new drug for leprosy: clofazimine and its precursors in Ireland and Nigeria, 1944-1966 / John Manton Elucidating ethics in practice: focus on accountability / George Ulrich When physicians meet: local medical knowledge and global public goods / Steven Feierman The plausibility design, quasi-experiments, and real world research: a case study from the interdisciplinary monitoring project for antimalarial combination treatment in Tanzania / S. Patrick Kachur Remember Bambali: evidence, ethics and the co-production of truth / Ann Kelly Foetuses, facts and frictions: insights from ultrasound research in Tanzania / Babette Müller-Rockstroh Healers and scientists: the epistemological politics of research about medicinal plants in Tanzania, or 'moving away from traditional medicine' / Stacey A. Langwick Parasite lost: remembering modern times with Kenyan government medical scientists / P. Wenzel Geissler Is the sharia of the doctors killing the people? a local debate on ethics and the control of HIV/AIDS in a rural area in Kenya / Suzette Heald The historical interface between the state and medical science in Africa: Kenya's case / Kenneth S. Ombongi The intimate rules of the French coopération : morality, race and the postcolonial division of scientific work at the Pasteur Institute of Cameroon / Guillaume Lachenal 'The mosquito taken at the beer-hall': malaria research and control on Zambia's copperbelt / Lyn Schumaker Trial communities: HIV and therapeutic citizenship in West Africa / Vin-Kim Nguyen Differences in medicine, differences in ethics: or, When is it research and when is it kidnapping, or is that even the right question? / Luise White. Contents List of Figures Introduction Studying Trial Communities: Anthropological and Historical Inquiries into Ethos, Politics and Economy of Medical Research in Africa Engagements Chapter 1 Writing Knowledge and Acknowledgement Possibilities in Medical Research Chapter 2 Can One Rely on Knowledge? Chapter 3 Being ‘with the Medical Research Council’: Infant Care and the Social Meanings of Cohort Membership in Gambia’s Plural Therapeutic Landscapes Chapter 4 Contextualizing Ethics: Or, the Morality of Knowledge Production in Ethnographic Fieldwork on ‘the Unspeakable’ Chapter 5 Testing a New Drug for Leprosy: Clofazimine and Its Precursors in Ireland and Nigeria, 1944–1966 Chapter 6 Elucidating Ethics in Practice: Focus on Accountability Evidence Chapter 7 When Physicians Meet: Local Medical Knowledge and Global Public Goods Chapter 8 The Plausibility Design, Quasi-experiments and Real-world Research: A Case Study of Antimalarial Combination Treatment in Tanzania Chapter 9 Remember Bambali: Evidence, Ethics and the Co-production of Truth Chapter 10 Foetuses, Facts and Frictions: Insights from Ultrasound Research in Tanzania Chapter 11 Healers and Scientists: The Epistemological Politics of Research about Medicinal Plants in Tanzania or ‘Moving Away from Traditional Medicine" Chapter 12 Parasite Lost: Remembering Modern Times with Kenyan Government Medical Scientists Chapter 13 Is the Sharia of the Doctors Killing the People? A Local Debate on Ethics and the Control of HIV/AIDS in a Rural Area in Kenya Politics Chapter 14 The Historical Interface between the State and Medical Science in Africa: Kenya’s Case Chapter 15 The Intimate Rules of the French Coopération: Morality, Race and the Postcolonial Division of Scientific Work at the Pasteur Institute of Cameroon Chapter 16 The Mosquito Taken at the Beerhall: Malaria Research and Control on Zambia’s Copperbelt Chapter 17 Trial Communities: HIV and Therapeutic Citizenship in West Africa Chapter 18 Differences in Medicine, Differences in Ethics: Or, When is It Research and When is It Kidnapping or is That Even the Right Question? Notes on Contributors Index Anthropologists, historians of science, and researchers and practitioners in medicine explore medical research carried out in Africa by African institutions and their collaborators from Europe and the US. Considering a range of countries and types of medical research, they focus on how medical research is shaped in the interactions between global scientists and their institutions, national and transnational forms of government, and people who contribute time and effort either as temporary staff or as study subjects without remuneration. An underlying concern is how scientific investigations could be conducted in a more democratic and equitable manner. Among the topics are clofazimine and its precursors in Ireland and Nigeria 1944-66, the epistemological politics of research about medicinal plants in Tanzania, and HIV and therapeutic citizenship in West Africa. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com). This is an extremely interesting and innovative collection with unusual empirical richness, with ethical and epistemological discussions cutting across anthropology, medicine, history, epidemiology and other disciplines. Lotte Meinert, Department of Anthropology, Aarhus University. Medical research has been central to biomedicine in Africa for over a century, and Africa, along with other tropical areas, has been crucial to the development of medical science. At present, study populations in Africa participate in an increasing number of medical research projects and clinical trials, run by both