Evidence-based Dentistry, An Issue of Dental Clinics (Volume 53-1) (The Clinics: Dentistry, Volume 53-1)

From the Publisher: Guest editor Mark Thomas offers readers the latest in evidence-based dentistry. Topics will include incorporating evidence-based dentistry into the classroom and the private practice clinical setting, risk assessment of periodontal disease, and quantifying efficacy and risk. Specific evidence-based decision making articles will feature amalgam versus composite, single tooth replacement, the asymptomatic third molar, effectiveness of sealants, caries risk assessment and treatment, and much more! WHAT IS EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY?......Page 1 Was the Assignment of Patients to Treatment Randomized?......Page 2 Were Patients, Their Clinicians, and Study Personnel Blinded to Treatment?......Page 3 Were All Clinically Important Outcomes Considered?......Page 4 Will the Results help Clinicians in Caring for Their Patients?......Page 5 Will the Patient be Better Off as a Result of the Test?......Page 6 WHAT EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY IS NOT......Page 7 References......Page 8 HOW QUESTIONS ARISE......Page 10 WHICH QUESTIONS?......Page 11 For the Patient......Page 12 For the Searcher......Page 13 TYPES OF QUESTIONS......Page 14 Specific Definition of Search Terms......Page 15 Skimming Titles and Abstracts in Found Literature......Page 16 References......Page 17 Anecdote, Experience, or Evidence?......Page 19 SUMMARY......Page 25 References......Page 26 THE ETHICS OF EXPERIMENTING IN DENTAL PRACTICE......Page 27 GENERAL APPROACHES TO ETHICS......Page 28 A Discursive Approach to Ethics......Page 29 The Ethics Test......Page 31 Scientific Investigation......Page 33 Experimental Practice......Page 34 Patients’ Interests First......Page 35 Grounds for Expecting Success......Page 36 Systematic Approach......Page 37 READING THE LITERATURE......Page 38 Internal versus External Validity......Page 39 The Baseline Problem......Page 40 References......Page 41 CONDUCTING A SEARCH OF THE LITERATURE......Page 43 PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL SOURCES......Page 44 ELECTRONIC DATABASES......Page 45 References......Page 47 TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES......Page 48 Descriptive Studies......Page 49 Analytic Studies......Page 50 MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION......Page 52 ASSESSING VALIDITY......Page 54 CRITERIA FOR CAUSALITY......Page 55 References......Page 56 BIAS IN DENTAL RESEARCH CAN LEAD TO INAPPROPRIATE TREATMENT SELECTION......Page 57 HIERARCHY OF RESEARCH DESIGN AND BIAS CONTROL......Page 58 Randomized, Controlled Trials: ‘‘Best at Bias Control’’......Page 59 Observational Comparison Studies: ‘‘Ranges of Bias Control’’......Page 61 Historical Control Groups......Page 64 Blind Participants......Page 66 Treat All Subjects the Same......Page 67 Calibration and Training of Examiners......Page 69 Accounting for all Subjects......Page 70 Data Used Appropriately: Chart Reviews and Errors of Omission......Page 71 References......Page 73 INTRODUCTION TO THE INFORMATION PROBLEM......Page 75 A SOLUTION FOR THE BUSY PRACTITIONER......Page 76 ANATOMY OF A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW......Page 77 WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A USEFUL SYSTEMATIC REVIEW......Page 79 References......Page 81 THE USE OF DIAGNOSTIC DATA IN CLINICAL DENTAL PRACTICE......Page 83 THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS......Page 84 DIAGNOSTIC DECISION ANALYSIS......Page 85 Variation in the System or Phenomenon Being Measured......Page 88 Variability of Examiners......Page 89 Intraclass Correlation Coefficient......Page 91 MEASUREMENT VALIDITY AND THE REFERENCE STANDARD......Page 93 DIAGNOSTIC VALIDITY AND THE REFERENCE STANDARD......Page 94 TEST CHARACTERISTICS......Page 95 Post-test Likelihood of a Positive Test (PTL)......Page 96 Negative Predictive Value (NPV)......Page 97 High Threshold......Page 99 Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis......Page 100 The Effects of Prevalence......Page 101 LIKELIHOOD RATIOS AND NOMOGRAMS......Page 105 References......Page 109 ASSESSMENT OF KEY ELEMENTS TO DETERMINE CAUSATION AND RISK FACTORS IN DENTISTRY......Page 112 RESEARCH STUDIES TO EVALUATE CAUSATION......Page 113 How is the Magnitude of a Risk Factor Reported?......Page 114 Prospective Cohort Studies......Page 115 Case-control Studies......Page 116 Randomized, Controlled Trials......Page 118 Bias in Research and Causation Studies......Page 119 SUMMARY......Page 120 References......Page 121 How to Use an Article about Prognosis......Page 122 CLINICAL SITUATION......Page 123 STUDY DESIGNS THAT YIELD INSIGHT AND IDENTIFY PROGNOSIS FACTORS......Page 124 Was Follow-up Sufficiently Long and Complete?......Page 126 How Large is the Likelihood of the Outcome Event Over a Specified Period of Time?......Page 127 Are the Study Patients Similar to Those in the Practitioner’s Practice?......Page 129 References......Page 130 BIOSTATISTICAL CONSULTATION FOR DENTAL RESEARCH......Page 132 BASICS 1: HISTOGRAMS TO BELL-SHAPED CURVES......Page 133 BASICS 2: CONFIDENCE-INTERVAL ESTIMATES......Page 135 BASICS 3: COMPARING MEANS......Page 136 STATISTICAL NEEDS OF DENTAL PRACTITIONERS — GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 137 STATISTICAL TRAINING FOR DENTAL PRACTITIONERS......Page 138 STATISTICAL NEEDS OF DENTAL RESEARCHERS......Page 139 THE ROLE OF THE STATISTICAL CONSULTANT IN DENTAL RESEARCH......Page 140 COMPLICATING FACTORS......Page 141 SAMPLE SIZE AND POWER ANALYSIS......Page 143 SOURCES OF PILOT DATA......Page 144 DATA MANAGEMENT......Page 146 RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION......Page 147 DISCUSSION......Page 148 References......Page 149 GENERAL ISSUES......Page 151 SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS......Page 153 Diagnostic Tests......Page 154 Prognosis......Page 155 Therapy......Page 156 References......Page 157 Preface / Mark V. Thomas -- Evidence based curriculum reform : the Kentucky experience -- Mark V. Thomas, Fonda G. Robinson, and Patricia Nihill Stumbling into the age of evidence -- James D. Bader Evidence-based dentistry and the concept of harm -- Mark V. Thomas and Sharon E. Straus The benefits of evidence-based dentistry for the private dental office -- Jane Gillette, Joseph D. Matthews, Julie Frantsve-Hawley, and Robert J. Weyant In-office treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity -- Mohanad Al-Sabbagh, Amanda Brown, and Mark V. Thomas Patient-applied treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity -- Mohanad Al-Sabbagh, Ershal Harrison, and Mark V. Thomas Restoration of posterior teeth in clinical practice : evidence base for choosing amalgam versus composite -- Robert E. Kovarik Evidence-based decision making : the third molar -- Richard H. Haug, Jihaad Abdul-Majid, George H. Blakey, and Raymond P. White Evidence-based decision making : replacement of a single missing tooth -- Paul A. Fugazzotto Evidence-based clinical recommendations for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants : a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs -- Jean Beauchamp, Page W. Caufield, James J. Crall, Kevin J. Donly, Robert Feigal, Barbara Gooch, Amid Ismail, William Kohn, Mark Siegal, and Richard Simonsen Evidence-based caries, risk assessment, and treatment -- Margherita Fontana, Douglas A. Young, and Mark S. Wolff Index. Offers readers information in evidence-based dentistry. This book covers topics that include incorporating evidence-based dentistry into the classroom and the private practice clinical setting, risk assessment of periodontal disease, and quantifying efficacy and risk.