European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: EWSHM 2022 - Volume 2 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 254)

This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) and more broadly in the fields of smart materials and intelligent systems, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 10th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM), held in Palermo, Italy on July 4-7, 2022. The volume covers highly diverse topics, including signal processing, smart sensors, autonomous systems, remote sensing and support, UAV platforms for SHM, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and SHM for civil structures and infrastructures. The contributions, which are published after a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists. Preface Organization Program Chairs Program Committee Contents Real Time Monitoring of Built Infrastructure Application of the Instantaneous Rényi Entropy for Real-Time Damage Detection 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 The Rényi Family of Entropies 3 The Experimental Benchmark 4 Results 4.1 SPWV and WV 4.2 DCW 4.3 CWT 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References A Critical Look at the Use of Wavelets in Damage Detection 1 Introduction 2 Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) 3 Numerical Analysis of the Bridge Using a Single Moving Load 4 Damage Detection Using CWT 4.1 Performance of Different Wavelet Bases in Damage Detection 5 Concluding Remarks References Development of Limits and Long-Term Monitoring of Highly Sensitive Equipment 1 Introduction 2 Norms and Terms of Reference 2.1 ÖN S 9020 2.2 MEDEARIS in Time Domain 2.3 Vibration Criteria (VC Curves) 2.4 ETSI EN 00 019–1-3 V2.4.1 3 Baseline Measurement 3.1 ÖN S9020 - Maximum occurring vibration velocity vR,max 3.2 ETSI EN 00 019–1-3 V2.4.1 and Medearis 3.3 VC Criteria Curves 4 Measurement During Construction 4.1 ÖN S9020 - Maximum Occurring Vibration Velocity vR,max 4.2 ETSI EN 00 019–1-3 V2.4.1 and Medearis 4.3 VC Criteria Curves 5 Summary of Results 6 Conclusion References Dynamic Monitoring of a Cable-Stayed Bridge: Monitoring System and First Results 1 Introduction 2 Instrumented Bridge and Monitoring System 3 Continuous Dynamic Monitoring 3.1 Characterization of Vibration Levels 3.2 Automated Operational Modal Analysis 4 Conclusion and Future Developments References The Genoa San Giorgio Bridge Fiber-Optic Structural Monitoring System 1 Introduction 2 The Genoa San Giorgio Bridge 3 The Fiber-Optic Monitoring System 3.1 Description of Sensors: Type, Positions, Purposes 4 Measurement Data 4.1 Data from Accelerometers and OMA 5 Summary References Combination of Total Station and GNSS for the Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures in Dense Urban Areas 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Use Case: Monitoring of a Conveyor Belt in the Grand Paris Express Project 3.1 Description 3.2 Practical Implementation 3.3 Results 4 Conclusion References Bridge Monitoring Using Vehicle-Induced Vibration 1 Introduction 2 Identification of Curvature Influence Lines 3 Application 4 Conclusions References Combined Bridge Weigh-In-Motion and Structural Health Monitoring on Road Bridges: Case Study on the Salso Viaduct (Italy) 1 Introduction 2 Procedure for the Accuracy Assessment 2.1 Objective of Bridge Weigh-In-Motion (B-WIM) 2.2 Procedure for Adjustment and Verification of the WIM+D 3 Implementation on the Salso Viaduct 3.1 Description of the Viaduct 3.2 WIM and SHM System 3.3 Tests for Adjustment and Verification 4 Gross Vehicle Weight Accuracy 4.1 COST323 Methodology 4.2 Results on the Salso Viaduct 5 Structural Health Monitoring 5.1 Dynamic Strain Analysis 5.2 Vibration Analysis 6 Conclusion References Fibre Optic Monitoring Systems in the Cambridge University Civil Engineering Building 1 Introduction 2 Instrumentation 2.1 Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Boreholes 2.2 Basement Raft and Walls 2.3 Strong Floor Slab 2.4 Frame Structure 2.5 Data Acquisition System 3 Data Management and Visualisation 4 Conclusion References Dynamics of Smart Parachute Airborne Deployment Using Broadcloth Canopy Instrumented with an Array of Weaved Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Smart Broadcloth Fabrics with Weaved Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensors 3 Test Results 4 Conclusions References Damage Detection in Concrete Slab Using Smart Sounding 1 Introduction 1.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) 1.2 Hilbert Marginal Spectrum (HMS) 2 Results 2.1 Data Collection Methods 2.2 Hammer with Microphone 2.3 Round Hammer with Microphone 2.4 Round Hammer with LDV 2.5 Robotic Crawler with Microphone 3 Conclusions References Field Validation of a Tainter Gate SHM System 1 Introduction 2 Long-Term Monitoring System 3 Short-Term Monitoring 4 Results 5 Conclusions 1. References Near-Real Time Evaluation Method of Seismic Damage Based on Structural Health Monitoring Data 1 Introduction 2 Damage Evaluation Method 3 Application to Simulated Seismic Responses 3.1 Model Identification 3.2 Damage Quantification and Localization Performance 4 Sensitivity of the Damage Indicator 4.1 Earthquake Signal and Floor Numbers 4.2 Mass Uncertainty and Noise Sensitivity 5 Conclusion References Piezoresistive Sensors for Monitoring Actions on Structures 1 Introduction 2 Quantifying Loads on Structures 3 Fabrication and Implementation 3.1 Fabrication of Low-Cost Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors 3.2 Strategy and Implementation of Data Evaluation 4 Calibration, Validation, and Discussion of the Pressure Sensors 5 Summary and Conclusions References Modelling a Damaged Multi-span RC Bridge Based on Structural Monitoring Data 1 Introduction 2 Monitoring of Steinavötn Bridge 2.1 Overview of Experiments 2.2 Power Spectral Density Plots of the Recorded Time Series 3 Modal Analysis and System Identification 3.1 OMA Using the ARTeMIS Modal Pro Software 3.2 OMA Using a MATLAB Based Toolbox 4 Finite Element Modelling of the Bridge 4.1 Boundary Conditions and Material Properties 4.2 Beam-Element Model 4.3 Shell-Element Model 5 Summary of Results 6 Final Remarks References Low-Cost Load Monitoring System for the Force Redistribution Assessment in Civil Structures by Means of Fiber Optic-Based Transducers 1 Introduction 2 Transducer Design 3 Transducer Testing Campaign 3.1 Transducer Load to Wavelength Factor 3.2 Transducer Thermal Behavior 4 Instrumented Reduced Scale Concrete Column 5 Implementation in a Full Scale Real Structure 5.1 FEA Model 5.2 Creep Model 6 Conclusions References Rail Structure Interaction Study Using Wireless Sensors – A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Case Study: PSC Railway Bridge 2.1 Description 2.2 Numerical Modeling 3 Instrumentation 3.1 Assessment of Existing Bridge 3.2 Sensors 3.3 Installation of Sensors 3.4 Data Acquisition 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Continuous Dynamic Monitoring and Automated Modal Identification of an Arch Bridge 1 Introduction 2 SHM Methodology 3 The BrivioBridge: Preliminary Activities 4 Continuous Dynamic Monitoring and Results 5 Conclusions References Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Segmentation and Classification of Structural Multi-branch Cracks 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Dataset Building 3.2 Model Building 4 Experimental Results and Analysis 4.1 Image Classification 4.2 Crack Detection 4.3 Crack Segmentation 5 Conclusion References Time Reliability of Empirical Models for the Prediction of Building Parameters: The Case of Palazzo Lombardia 1 Introduction 2 Palazzo Lombardia and the Monitoring System 3 The Empirical Model 3.1 Preliminary Validation of the Model 4 Checking Model Performances After the Recent Restart of the Monitoring System 5 Conclusions References Proposed Cloud Architecture for Real-Time Bridge Monitoring Using IOT 1 Introduction 2 Case Study 2.1 Structural Description 3 Instrumentation 3.1 Sensors 3.2 Strain Gauges 3.3 Temperature 3.4 Dynamic Loads 4 Numerical Model 5 Data Processing 6 Methodology 7 Conclusion References Robust Statistical and Probabilistic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring On the Detection of Thickness Loss in Ship Hull Structures Through Strain Sensing 1 Introduction 2 Problem Definition 2.1 Problem Description 2.2 Damage of Interest 2.3 Case Study Description 3 Numerical Simulations 3.1 Operational Variability Definition and Finite Element Modeling 3.2 Statistical Analysis of Strain Response 4 Detector Formulation 5 Detector Performance Assessment 6 Concluding Remarks References Statistical Pattern Recognition for Optimal Sensor Placement in Damage Detection Applications 1 Introduction 2 Problem Definition 2.1 SHM Detection Basis 2.2 Case Study Description 3 Numerical Simulations 4 The Employed Detector 5 Statistical Analysis of the Strain Response 6 Detector Results 6.1 Detector Performance Assessment 6.2 Determining an Optimal Sensor Network 7 Conclusions References Particle Filter-Based Delamination Shape Prediction in Composites 1 Introduction 2 Delamination Shape Prediction 3 Application 4 Conclusions References Vibration-Based Quality Assessment of Metallic Turbine Blades Considering Measurement Uncertainty 1 Introduction 2 Integrated Interval Mahalanobis Classification System 2.1 Interval Mahalanobis Distance (IMD) 2.2 Fitness Function in BPSO Scheme 2.3 Classification Reliability 3 A Case Study on Metallic Turbine Blades 4 Conclusions References A Kriging Approach to Model Updating for Damage Detection 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 2 Methods 2.1 The Refined Efficient Global Optimisation 2.2 Damage Detection via Model Updating 3 Results and Conclusions References Active Sensing Acousto-Ultrasound SHM via Stochastic Non-stationary Time Series Models 1 Introduction 2 Stochastic Identification and Damage Detection 2.1 Coefficients of Projection-Based Damage Diagnosis 2.2 Time-Varying Parameter-Based Damage Diagnosis 3 The Experimental Setup and the Signals 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Damage State Estimation via Multi-fidelity Gaussian Process Regression Models for Active-Sensing Structure Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Multi-fidelity Gaussian Process Regression Model 2.2 Damage Indices 3 Experiment and Simulation Setup 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References On Random Vibration Based Robust Damage Detection for a Population of Composite Aerostructures Under Variable and Non-measurable Excitation 1 Introduction 2 The Population of Composite Aerostructures, the Damage Scenarios, and the Random Vibration Signals 2.1 The Population of Composite Aerostructures and the Damage Scenarios 2.2 Effects of Uncertainty and Damage on the Dynamics 2.3 The Vibration Signals 3 The Robust Damage Detection Methods and Performance Assessment 3.1 The Methods 3.2 Damage Detection Performance Assessment 4 Concluding Remarks References On the Detection of Incipient Faults in Rotating Machinery Under Different Operating Speeds Using Unsupervised Vibration-Based Statistical Time Series Methods 1 Introduction 2 The Experimental Set-Up 2.1 The Rotating Machinery and the Incipient Faults 2.2 Vibration Measurements and Effects of the Different Speeds and Faults to Their Time and Frequency Domain Characteristics 3 Robust Fault Detection Based on Unsupervised Statistical Time Series (STS) Methods 3.1 The Functional Model Based Method (FMBM) 3.2 The Multiple Model (MM) Based Method 4 Fault Detection Results 5 Concluding Remarks References A Multi-stage Machine Learning Methodology for Health Monitoring of Largely Unobserved Structures Under Varying Environmental Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Feature Extraction by AR Modeling 3 Multi-stage Machine Learning Methodology 3.1 Stage I: LSD 3.2 Stage II: AANN 3.3 Stage III: MSD 4 Case Study: The Wooden Bridge 5 Conclusions References Gaussian Process Strain Pre-extrapolationpg and Uncertainty Estimation for Inverse Finite Elements 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 The Inverse Finite Element Method 2.2 Gaussian Process 2.3 Combining iFEM and GP 3 Application to a Numerical Case Study 4 Conclusions References Pre-posterior Analysis of Temperature-Compensated Structural Health Monitoring Data 1 Introduction 2 Formulation 3 Case Study 4 Application to Case Study 5 Conclusions References New Opportunities for Structural Health Monitoring and Artificial Intelligence Tunnel Asset Management at CERN 1 Introduction 2 Geographical Information System 2.1 Introduction to GIS at CERN 2.2 Using GIS in Tunnel Asset Management 3 Distributed Fibre Optic Strain Monitoring 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fibre Optic as a Medium for Measuring Strain 3.3 DFOS Applications in Civil Engineering at CERN 4 Remote and Automated Tunnel Inspections 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Image Acquisition 4.3 Further Development 5 The Future of Tunnel Asset Management at CERN References Condition Monitoring of Cold Stamping Presses Based on Fiber Optic Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Fiber Optic Sensor Monitoring System 2.1 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors 2.2 Brillouin Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors 3 Fiber Optic Sensor Installation 4 Results 4.1 Results from the New Press 4.2 Results from the Old Presses 5 Conclusions References Autonomous Early Warning System for Monitoring Critical Infrastructure Elements Using Smart Multi-sensors 1 Introduction 2 Autonomous Smart Multi-sensors for SHM 3 Software and Cloud Solution 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Lab Test Results 4.2 Field Test Results 5 Conclusions References Space-Borne Health Monitoring for Civil Infrastructure A New Tool for Road Network Deformations Monitoring Through Space-Born SAR Data and In-Situ Instruments 1 Introduction 2 Case Study 2.1 Overview 2.2 Materials 3 Metadata Organization 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Monitoring Outcomes 4.2 Web Based-Spatial Decision Support System (WB-SDSS) 5 Conclusion References Integrated Use of Space-Born Data for SHM of an Ancient Infrastructure 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Satellite Data 2.2 Analysis and Comparison of Satellite Data 3 Conclusion References Remote Sensing Satellite Data and Progressive Collapse Analysis for Structural Monitoring of Multi-span Bridges 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Post-processing Methodology for InSAR Data 2.1 Two-Dimensional Displacements Estimate 2.2 Evaluation of the Uncertainty Level 3 Case Study: The Albiano-Magra Bridge 3.1 Results of InSAR Analysis 3.2 Numerical Modelling 4 Conclusions References The Use of MT-DInSAR Data for the Safety Assessment and Monitoring of Structures and Infrastructures: The Case Study of “Torri Stellari” in Rome 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Approach 2.1 From MT-DInSAR Processing to Data Analysis 2.2 Structural Assessment and Monitoring of Constructions by Using MT-DInSAR Measurements 3 Overview of the SBAS-DInSAR Datasets for the Area of Rome, Italy 4 The Torri StellariCase Study 4.1 Elaboration of SBAS-DInSAR Results for Structural Monitoring and Assessment 5 Conclusions References Monitoring of a Metal Bridge Using DInSAR Data 1 Introduction 2 DInSAT Technique 3 Case Study: The Palatino Bridge 3.1 Presentation of the Case Study 3.2 Analysis of DInSAR Data 3.3 Analysis of the Environmental Effects 4 Conclusion References Optical and Computer-Vision Techniques for SHM and NDT Wingtip Deflection Monitoring and Prediction Based on Digital Image Correlation and Machine Learning Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Aeroelastic Flutter 3 Machine Learning Technique 3.1 Neural Networks 3.2 Results 4 Conclusion References Advancements in Structural Health Monitoring Using Combined Computer-Vision and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Approaches 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation 2.2 Structure from Motion 2.3 Infrared Thermography 2.4 Motion Magnification 3 Application of Computer Vision Techniques for SHM and NDI 3.1 Structure from Motion Using Infrared Images (SfM-IR) 3.2 Principal Component Thermography Using Infrared Images (IR-PCT) 4 Future Research Direction 4.1 Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation for Large-Scale Inspection 4.2 Quantitative Assessment of Motion Magnification Measurement 5 Conclusions References TotaLite®: A Novel Optical Sensing System for Contactless Deformation Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Principle of Operation 2.1 Temperature Stability 2.2 Removal of Ambient Light Through Image Processing 2.3 Number of Targets 2.4 Spatial Resolution 2.5 Reference Points 2.6 Number of Dimensions Measured 2.7 Internet of Things (IoT) 2.8 Automated, Near Real-Time Processing 3 Benchmark Results 3.1 First Setup - 2D Benchmark 3.2 Second Setup - 3D Benchmark 3.3 Discussion on Benchmark Results 4 Conclusions References Vibration Frequency-Based Optimal Baseline Selection for Damage Detection in SHM 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Mean Frequency Maps 2.2 Optimal Baseline Selection 3 Results 4 Summary and Conclusions References Aligned Marker Space for Vision-Based Detection of Damage in Structures with One Fixed End 1 Introduction 2 Aligned Marker Space Method 3 Deflection-Based Damage Detection Methods 3.1 Second Derivative Method 3.2 Line Segments Method 3.3 Methods' Configuration 4 Experimental Evaluation 4.1 Numerical Simulation 4.2 Laboratory Experiments 4.3 Results 5 Summary and Conclusions References Experimental Approach for the Detection of Defects Employing High-Resolution Digital Image Correlation 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methodology 2.1 Numerical Analysis 2.2 Detection of Natural Frequencies 2.3 Sinusoidal Test at Defect’s Natural Frequencies 2.4 Results 2.5 Conclusions References Damage Detection in Composite Materials Using Hyperspectral Imaging 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 The Specimens 2.2 The Hyperspectral Imaging 2.3 Hyperspectral Image Preprocessing 2.4 Modelling the Spectral Signature of the Damage 2.5 The Adaptive Cosine Estimator (ACE) Algorithm 2.6 The Cointegration Based Approach 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References An Efficient Computer Vision-Based Method for Estimation of Dynamic Displacements in Spatial Truss Structures 1 Introduction 2 Computer Vision-Based Estimation of Structural Displacements with Template Matching Techniques 2.1 Area-Based Template Matching 2.2 Feature-Based Template Matching 3 Results of the Comparison of the Computer Vision-Based Estimation of Structural Displacements 4 Conclusions References Digital Twins as Testbeds for Vision-Based Post-earthquake Inspections of Buildings 1 Introduction 2 3D Synthetic Environments for Visual Inspections 2.1 Physics-Based Graphics Models as Digital Twins 3 QuakeCity Dataset 4 Inspection Testbed Evaluation 4.1 Augmenting Real Data with Synthetic Data 4.2 Comparing Damage State Estimation Using UAV and Ground-Based Images 5 Conclusions References Measuring Thermal Response of Bridges Using Vision-Based Technologies and LVDTs 1 Introduction 2 Vision-Based Thermal Response Measurement Methodology 2.1 Vision-Based Monitoring System 2.2 Thermal Response Measurement 3 Case Study: A Laboratory Truss 3.1 Description of the Test 3.2 Temperature Distribution in the Truss 3.3 Thermal Response vs Static Response 3.4 Accuracy of VBM Based Thermal Response Measurement 4 Conclusions References Durability in Alkaline Environment of a Fiber Optic Sensor Bonded at the Surface of Reinforcing Bars for Distributed Strain Measurements in Concrete Structures 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Experimental Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mechanical Tests and DOFS Measurements 2.3 Ageing of the Specimens 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Unmanned Vehicles for SHM Automatic UAV Inspection of Tunnel Infrastructure in GPS-Denied Underground Environment 1 Introduction 2 Autonomous Drone Inspection in a GPS Denied Underground Environment 2.1 Autonomous Flight System 2.2 Flight Trajectory Setting 3 Field Test in Goggins Hill Tunnel 4 Conclusion References A Virtual Reality Environment for Developing and Testing Autonomous UAV-Based Structural Inspection 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Architecture Design 4 Experiments 5 Results 6 Conclusion References Bridge Status Realization and Management Enhanced by UAV, SfM, and Deep Learning 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Framework 3 Data Gathering Using UAV 4 Bridge 3D Model Reconstruction 5 Deeplabv3+ for Damage Segmentation 6 Bridge 3D Model Reconstruction with Segmented Corrosion 7 Mixed Reality Interface 8 Conclusion References Infrared Thermography for Structural Health Monitoring Before and After Refurbishment: A Thermography Analysis for the Monitoring of an Electric Furnace's Refractory Walls 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Inventory and Experimental Setup 2.2 Postprocessing 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References An Experimental Procedure to Estimate Surface Crack Density Using Thermography and Acoustic Emissions 1 Introduction 2 Theory: Temperature-Related Sentinels of Damage 3 Experimental Campaign 4 Methods and Data Processing of Thermal Data 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Acoustic Emission Results 5.2 Crack Density from Infrared Thermography 6 Conclusions References Corrosion Thickness Characterization in Steels by Means of Active Thermography 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Full-Field Thermographic Analysis for Fatigue Damage Detection of Composite Specimens 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 CFRP Elements 2.2 Thermal Damage Parameters 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Rapid Determination of the Fatigue Behavior at Different Stress Ratios of Steels by Measuring the Energy Release 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Risitano Thermographic Method 2.2 Static Thermographic Method 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Static Tensile Test 4.2 Stepwise Fatigue Test 4.3 Failure Analysis 5 Conclusion References Estimating the Specific Heat Loss from Temperature Measurements in Tension-Tension Fatigue: Theory and Experiments 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Tension-Tension Fatigue 4 Material, Specimens and Fatigue Tests 5 Experimental Results 6 Conclusions References Frequency Modulated Thermography-NDT of Polymer Composites by Means of Human-Controlled Heat Modulation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 Sample Description 3.2 Thermographic Setup and Plan of Experiments 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Structural Health Monitoring and Digital Twins of Historical Structures Tree-Years Dynamic Monitoring of the Santa Maria di Collemaggio Basilica: Progressive Decrement of the First Natural Frequencies 1 Introduction 2 Long Term Dynamic Monitoring of the Basilica: Selected Results 2.1 Long-term Dynamic Monitoring 3 Hypothesis on the Frequency Decrement 4 Analytical Model 5 The Role of the CLT Roof 6 Conclusions References Development of the Digital Twin of a Historical Structure for SHM Purposes 1 Introduction 2 Case Study: The Tower of the Nations 3 Combining SHM and BIM for Digital Twin Development 4 Conclusions References Damage Detectability and Effects of Environmental and Operational Variability in Structural Health Monitoring Stitching Effect on Impact Behaviour of Composite Materials 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Composite Samples 2.2 Stitched Samples 2.3 Impact Tests 2.4 Damage Characterization 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Pre- and Post-fracture Experimental Vibration Analysis for In-Field Damage and Vulnerability Measure in Existing Glass Slabs 1 Introduction 2 Methods for In-Field Pre- and Post-fracture Analysis 3 Selected In-Service LG Pedestrian Systems 3.1 Geometrical and Mechanical Properties 4 In-Field Experimental Analysis 4.1 Test Layout and Configurations 4.2 Vibration Frequency 4.3 Damping 5 Summary and Conclusions References Operational Modal Analysis for Scour Detection in Mono-Pile Offshore Wind Turbines 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Clustering Technique for Robust Feature Extraction 2.2 Gaussian Process Regression for Mitigating EOV 2.3 Data Collection 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Verification of Clustering Technique 3.2 Verification of Removing EOV 3.3 Tracking of Scour Reparation via Reliable Structural Operational Modes 4 Conclusion References Model Assisted Probability of Detection Using a Digital Clone Platform for Composite Structures 1 Introduction 2 Problem Definition 3 Finite Element Model for GW Propagation 4 Surrogate Model and POD Computation 4.1 Gaussian Process Surrogate Model 4.2 Estimation of the POD 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusions References A Novel Approach for Preload Monitoring in Bolted Connections Using Electro-Mechanical Impedance Spectra 1 Introduction 2 The Electro-Mechanical Impedance 3 The Influence of Mechanical Stress at the Bolt's Head on the Susceptance 4 Experimental Setup 5 Results 6 Conclusion and Outlook References Closed-Loop Damage-Locating Vectors 1 Introduction 2 Review of the DDLV Method 2.1 Extracting DDLVs 2.2 Implementation Note 3 The CLDDLV Method 3.1 Virtual Output Feedback 3.2 Extracting CLDDLVs 3.3 Gain Design Strategy 4 Numerical Example 5 Concluding Remarks References Monitoring of Crack Growth in Advanced Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Acoustic Emission 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Specimen Design and Manufacture 2.2 Test Setup 2.3 Analysis Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Impedance-Based SHM with High Frequency Excitation Signals of Variable Amplitude and Duration 1 Introduction 2 Electromechanical Impedance Principle 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Thermal Cycling Durability of Bonded PZT Transducers Used for the SHM of Reusable Launch Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 2.1 Materials and Sensor Layout 2.2 Thermal Cycling Setup 3 PZT Assembly Diagnosis: LDV and EMI Measurements 3.1 Experimental Results: Evolution with Thermal Cycling 4 Lamb Waves Pitch-Catch Measurements 5 Conclusions References Damage Localization Through Assignment of Invariant Eigenpairs 1 Introduction 2 Eigenstructure Assignment 2.1 Virtual Output Feedback 2.2 Assignment of Perturbation-Invariant Eigenpairs 3 CL Damage Localization Procedure 4 Numerical Example 5 Concluding Remarks References Influence of Intermediate Hinge Damage on Bridge Response and Modal Parameters of Cantilever-Suspended Girder Bridge 1 Introduction 2 Actual Target Bridge and Analysis Model 2.1 Actual Target Bridge 2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) 2.3 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Model 2.4 Loading Method and Damage Modeling 3 Effect of Corrosion Position 3.1 Analysis Conditions 3.2 Eigenvalue Analysis 3.3 Static Analysis 3.4 Relationship Between Frequency and Deflection 4 Summary References Damage Detection Using Refined Time Reversal Method of Lamb Waves Under Varying Temperatures 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Damage Index 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Best Reconstruction Frequency and Sweet Spot Frequency 4.2 Wave Propagation in Presence of Block Mass Under Varying Temperatures 4.3 TRP in Presence of Block Mass Under Varying Temperatures 5 Conclusions References Data Driven Damage Detection Strategy Under Uncontrolled Environment 1 Introduction 2 Modal Based Damage Detection 3 Test Case and Data Collection Campaign 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Structural Damage Identification from Video Footage Using Artificial Intelligence 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Application of Nullspace-Based Fault Detection to an Aircraft Structural Part Under Changing Excitation 1 Introduction 2 Theory on Subspace-Based Fault Detection 2.1 Properties of the Subspace-Based Damage Detection Test 2.2 Residual Formulation Robust to Changes in the Excitation Covariance 3 Application 3.1 Laboratory Application: Mounting and Excitation 3.2 Measurement-Setup and -Procedure 4 Results 4.1 Influence of the Covariance Matrix on the Indicator for the Undamaged Case 4.2 Influence of the Number of Time Shifts and the Model Order Mon the Damage Indicator 5 Conclusion References Simulation of Guided Waves in a CFRP Plate at a Specific Temperature 1 Introduction 2 FE Model 3 Results Discussion 4 Concluding Remarks References Estimation of Inputs in Systems with Localized Nonlinearities of Unknown Position 1 Introduction 2 Problem Formulation 2.1 Dynamic Equilibrium Equation of Nonlinear Systems 2.2 Number of Independent Nonlinearities 2.3 Input Vector Deconvolution 3 Searching for the Nonlinearity Distribution 4 Numerical Example 5 Concluding Observations References Ultrasonic Monitoring of Concrete Constructions Investigation of Temperature Effects on Ultrasonic Velocity in a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Model 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Coda Wave Interferometry 2.2 Stretching Method 2.3 Temperature Correction 3 Experiments 3.1 Setup 3.2 Prestressing Force Test 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Temperature Recording 4.2 Ultrasonic Velocities in Two Horizontal Directions 4.3 Average Velocity Variation 4.4 Linear Scaling Factor 4.5 Verification in Prestressing Force Test 5 Conclusion References From the Lab to the Structure: Monitoring of a German Road Bridge Using Embedded Ultrasonic Transducers and Coda Waves 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 US Transducers and W-Box 2.2 Coda Wave Interferometry 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 External Versus Embedded Sensors 4.2 Temperature, Strain and Velocity Change 4.3 Areal Analysis 5 Outlook References Post-earthquake Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Members Using Combined Passive and Active Ultrasonic Stress Wave Monitoring 1 Introduction and Background 2 Experimental Test Setup and Loading Protocol 3 Data Processing and Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work References Automated and Continuous Monitoring of Freeze-Thaw Damage in Concrete Using Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Experimental Results and Analysis 4 Conclusions References Innovative Ideas for Monitoring Vibrations Energy Harvesting for Structural Health Monitoring of Railway Bridges 1 Introduction 2 Formulation 2.1 Tuning Procedure 3 Verification of the Proposed Model 4 Conclusions References A Hybrid Method for Damage Detection Using Acceleration Response of Bridges 1 Introduction 2 Damage Sensitive Features 2.1 Mode Shape Curvature 2.2 Modal Strain Energy 2.3 Modal Flexibility 3 Numerical Applications 3.1 Case I 3.2 Case II 4 Conclusions References Stability Monitoring of Bridges via Dual Frequency Terrestrial Radar Measurements 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Radar Sensors 2.2 1-D Radar Interferometry 2.3 The Case Study and the Ambient Vibration Test (AVT) 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Estimating the Tensile Force in Ancient Metallic Tie-Rods from Vibration Tests 1 Introduction 2 Results of Preliminary Investigations 3 Dynamic Assessment of the Tie-Rods: Novel Methodology 4 Dynamic Ass