European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: EWSHM 2022 - Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Book 253)

This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) and more broadly in the fields of smart materials and intelligent systems, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 10th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM), held in Palermo, Italy on July 4-7, 2022. The volume covers highly diverse topics, including signal processing, smart sensors, autonomous systems, remote sensing and support, UAV platforms for SHM, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and SHM for civil structures and infrastructures. The contributions, which are published after a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists. Preface Organization Program Chairs Program Committee Contents Seismic Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Structures Structural Health Monitoring for Architectural Heritage: Case Studies in Central Italy 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic Behavior of Masonry Structures: Vibration Sources 2.1 Effects of Environmental Factors: Temperature, Humidity, Weather Events 2.2 Anthropic Effects: Crowd, Traffic, Visitors, Bell Ringing 3 Conclusions References Structural Monitoring of a Tall Building Under Ambient Conditions and Earthquake 1 Introduction 2 Seismic Identification of Building by Different Methodologies 2.1 ARX Method 2.2 N4SID Method 3 Comparison of Identified and Estimated Damping Ratios 4 Inter-story Drift Ratio Calculation with TMM 5 Conclusion References Impact of Decision Scenarios on the Value of Seismic Structural Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 Bayesian Decision Analysis 2.2 Bayesian Decision Analysis in Seismic Emergency Management 3 Application 3.1 Decision Scenarios 3.2 Description of the Case Study 3.3 Results 4 Conclusion References Dynamic Identification of the Sant’Andrea Pulpit in Pistoia (Italy): Some Preliminary Notes 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic Test Campaign 2.1 The Sant’Andrea Pulpit 2.2 The Testing Layout 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 AVTs 3.2 ITs 4 Conclusions Appendix References Piezo Sensors Based Operational Strain Modal Analysis for SHM 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Seismic Assessment of the Carillon Tower in the Philippines Using a Finite Element Model Updated with Operational Modal Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Structural Modeling and Modal Analysis with ETABS 2.1 Structural Modeling 2.2 Modal Analysis 3 Operational Modal Analysis 4 Model Tuning 5 Time History Analysis 6 Conclusions and Recommendations References Application of Innovative High Accuracy GNSS Based System to the Monitoring of Civil Structures 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Setup of the Test 2.2 Data Acquisition 3 Results 3.1 Time Domain 3.2 Frequency Domain 4 Comparison with the Reference Accelerometers 5 Conclusion References Seismic Monitoring of Masonry Structures Using Smart Bricks: Experimental Application to Masonry Walls Subjected to In-Plane Shear Loading 1 Introduction 2 Smart Brick 2.1 Production Process 2.2 Strain-Sensing Principle 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Full-Scale Masonry Wall Specimens 3.2 Diagonal Compression Tests 4 Conclusions References Sensitivity Analysis of the Environmental Effect on the Dynamics of Concrete Historical Architectures with Structural Joints 1 Introduction 2 Case Study 3 Simplified Young’s Modulus-Temperature Model 4 Sensitivity Analysis 5 Conclusions References Structural Health Monitoring Systems Operating in a 5G-Based Network 1 Introduction 2 Project SICURA 3 Structural Health Monitoring Systems Network 4 Preliminary Results 5 Conclusion References SHM in Wind Turbine Technology Rapid Assessment of Offshore Monopile Fatigue Using Machine Learning 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Areo-Hydro-Sevo-Elastic Simulations 2.2 Damage and Fatigue Calculations 3 Results 3.1 Short-Term Damage 3.2 Accumulated Damage 3.3 Meta-model Development and Evaluation 3.4 Meta-model Application 4 Concluding Remarks References Offshore Wind Turbine Jacket Damage Detection via a Siamese Neural Network 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Acquisition 3.2 Data Preprocessing 3.3 Data Split 3.4 Siamese Neural Network 4 Results 5 Conclusions and Discussion References Towards a Fleetwide Data-Driven Lifetime Assessment Methodology of Offshore Wind Support Structures Based on SCADA and SHM Data 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Sensors and Data 2.2 DEM Estimation Models 2.3 Long-Term DEM Estimation 3 Results 3.1 10-Min DEL Prediction Models 3.2 Long-term Assessment of 10-Min DEL Predictions to a Lifetime DEM 4 Conclusions References On the Minimum Required Sampling Frequency for Reliable Fatigue Lifetime Estimation in Structural Health Monitoring. How Much is Enough? 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Measurement Campaign 4 Method and Results 4.1 Constant Amplitude Stress History (Sine Wave) 4.2 Stress History from Strain Gauge Acquisition 5 Conclusions References Analysis of Icing on Wind Turbines by Combined Wireless and Wired Acceleration Sensor Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Setup of Measurement 3 Analysis of Recordings During Ice Alert Periods 3.1 Influence of Ice onto Rotor Modes 3.2 Decay and Damping Factor During Shutdown 4 Simulation 4.1 Free Vibrations 4.2 Excitation of the Tower Structure Due to Icing 5 Conclusions References Periodic System Approximation for Operational Modal Analysis of Operating Wind Turbine 1 Introduction 2 Modal Analysis and Approximation of LTP-system 2.1 Dynamic Model 2.2 Approximation of the Floquet Modes 3 Validation of the Approximation 4 Identification: Application to an Aero-Servo-Elastic Wind Turbine Model 4.1 Frequency Spectrum Analysis 4.2 Subspace Identification Method 4.3 Identification 5 Conclusion References Structural Health Monitoring of Offshore Jacket Platforms via Transformers 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Acquisition 2.2 Data Description 2.3 Data Reshape 2.4 Data Split 2.5 Transformers for Time-Series 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Machine Learning Techniques for Damage Detection in Wind Turbine Blades 1 Introduction 2 Machine Learning 2.1 Multivariate Gaussian Anomaly Detection (MGAD) 2.2 Autoencoders (AEs) 3 Experimental Campaigns 4 Damage Detection Methodologies 4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Anomaly Detection (MGAD) 4.2 Anomaly Detection Autoencoder 5 Conclusions References Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Wave Methods for SHM Sparse Array (Nonlinear) Guided Wave Imaging for Localization of Damage inComposites 1 Introduction 2 Guided Wave Imaging Algorithms 2.1 Reconstruction Algorithm for the Probabilistic Inspection of Damage (RAPID) 2.2 Delay and Sum DAS 3 3D FE Simulation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Comparison of Different Imaging Methods 4.2 Influence of Shape Factor 4.3 Influence of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 4.4 Influence of Applied Time Window 5 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation of Modulation Transfer Phenomenon Due to Shear Horizontal Ultrasonic Wave Interaction with Local Nonlinearity 1 Introduction 2 Acoustic Equivalent of the Luxemburg–Gorky (L–G) Effect 3 Experimental Setup 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References Verification and Validation Approaches for Demonstrating the Value of SHM Damage Diagnostics on Post-buckled Stiffened Panels Utilizing the Digital-Twin Concept 1 Introduction 2 Supervised Baseline Model 2.1 Intuition 2.2 Feature Extraction 2.3 k-Nearest Neighbors Models 3 Damage Diagnostics 3.1 Novelty Detection 3.2 Experimental Assessment 4 Results 4.1 Load and Mode Predictions 4.2 Damage Detection 5 Concluding Remarks References Train-Track-Bridge Interaction Analytical Model with Non-proportional Damping: Sensitivity Analysis and Experimental Validation 1 Introduction 2 TTBI Coupled Model Formulation 2.1 Track Model 2.2 Bridge Model 2.3 Spatial Domain and Time Domain Discretization 3 Ballasted Railway Bridge Case Study and Experimental Campaign 4 Univariate and Multivariate Covariance-Based Sensitivity Analysis 5 Model Updating Optimization Procedure 6 Conclusions References On the Probability of Localizing Damages Based on Mode Shape Changes 1 Introduction 2 Statistical Damage Localization 3 Probability of Localization 3.1 Constructing POL Curves 3.2 Fisher Information for Mode Shapes 4 Application to a 6-DOF System 4.1 Experiment Description 4.2 Constructing POL Curves 4.3 Discussion 4.4 Validation 5 Conclusion References An SHM Data-Driven Methodology for the Remaining Useful Life Prognosis of Aeronautical Subcomponents 1 Introduction 2 Prognostic Models 2.1 Gaussian Process Regression 2.2 Non-Homogeneous Hidden Semi Markov Model (NHHSMM) 3 Case Study 3.1 Specimen Definition 3.2 Test Definition 3.3 Health Indicator Fusion 3.4 Remaining Useful Life Prognosis 4 Concluding Remarks References Cross-Correlation Based Algorithm for SHM De-bonding Analysis of Typical Aeronautical Structures via OFDR 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Experimental Campaign 3.1 Test Article and Test Rig 3.2 Calibration Test 3.3 Absolute Readout from Residual Strain After Manufacturing 3.4 Absolute Readout Under Static Load 4 Results and Conclusion References Experimental Demonstration of Structural Health Monitoring Design Map for an Airborne Primary Structure 1 Introduction 2 SHM Design Map 3 An Example of a Numerically Calculated SHM Design Map References Adaptive Multi-category Train Scheduling Validation Based on Fatigue Reliability of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge 1 Introduction 2 The Framework of Train Scheduling Validation Based on Fatigue Damage Using Monitoring Data 3 The Case-Study Suspension Bridge 4 The WIM Measurements 5 Fatigue Damage Calculation Based on Distribution Under Two Types of Trains 6 Conclusions References Measuring Dynamic Response of the Wilford Suspension Bridge with a Vision-Based Measurement System: A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Computer-Vision for Measuring Bridge Response 2.2 Measurement Analysis 3 Dynamic Response of the Wilford Suspension Bridge 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 Measurement Interpretation 3.3 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Gaussian Process Latent Force Models for Virtual Sensing in a Monopile-Based Offshore Wind Turbine 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Formulation 2.1 System Model 2.2 Input Model 2.3 Latent Force Model 3 In-Situ Validation 3.1 Measurement Setup and Data Processing 3.2 System Model 3.3 Results 4 Concluding Remarks References Predictive Maintenance of Aircraft Primary Structures Based on Load Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Load Monitoring Test Cases 2.1 The Wing Box of a General Aviation Aircraft 2.2 The Adaptive Winglet 3 Conclusions and Future Work References Nonlinear SHM Methods for High Sensitivity Identification of Contact Acoustic Nonlinearities of Subsurface Cracks Located at Free-Edges 1 Introduction 2 Investigated Specimen 3 Experimental Setup and Measurement Procedure 4 Experimental Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Some Exceptional Features of Flexural Wave Scattering by a Cluster of Nonlinear Scatterers on a Beam 1 Introduction 2 Multiple Scattering with Nonlinear Scatterers 3 Two-Scatterer Tunable Filter 4 Three-Scatterer Frequency Converter 5 Conclusions References Investigation of Thermoelastic Modulation Phenomenon Due to Frictional Dissipation on Crack Interfaces 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 Thermoelasticity 2.2 Heat Dissipation Due to Wave-Crack Interaction 3 Simulations and Results 3.1 Numerical Model 3.2 SH Wave Interaction with Frictional Crack 3.3 The Influence of the Normal Stress 3.4 Modulation 4 Summary and Discussion References Investigation of the Vibro-Modulation Effect in the Pressure Changing Nonlinear Surface Contact 1 Introduction 2 Analytical Approach Using Harmonic Balance 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Towards the Next Generation of Performance Indicators Supported by SHM The Sensitivity Enhancement of Distributed Fiber Optical Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Setup 3 Temperature Measurement Sensitivity Enhancement 4 Strain Measurement Sensitivity Enhancement 5 Conclusion References OFDR-Based Integral Process Monitoring and SHM System for Composites Manufactured by Resin Infusion Under Flexible Tooling 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) Based Pressure Sensing 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Wireless Sensing Systems for Structural Health Monitoring Structural Health Monitoring System for Micro-hydraulic Power Stations Through Water Level Monitoring with a Wireless Network of Optical Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Monitoring System Setup 3 Characterization of the System 3.1 Power Consumption 3.2 Calibration 4 Validation 5 Conclusions References Wireless Module for SHM Applications Based on Solitary Waves 1 Introductions 2 Wireless Solitary Wave Transducer 3 Experimental Setup 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References A New Real-Time SHM System Embedded on Raspberry Pi 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Structural Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks with Nonsimultaneous Sampling 1 Introduction 2 Damage Detection Using Wireless Sensor Networks 2.1 Autocovariance Functions 2.2 Asynchronous Sampling 2.3 Damage Detection 3 Numerical Experiment 3.1 Initial Clock Offset 4 Conclusion References Integrated Approaches for SHM: Models, Data and Experiments SHM/NDE Research at the Laboratory of Active Materials and Smart Structures 1 Introduction 2 Active Guided-Wave SHM of Composites 2.1 Wave Damage Interaction Coefficients (WDIC) 2.2 Detection of Multilayer Delamination 3 Passive SHM via Acoustic Emission 3.1 Can One “Hear” the Length of Crack? 3.2 Crack Resonances Superposed on Sensor Aperture Response 3.3 Acoustic Emission in Composites 4 NDE Research for Composite Materials 4.1 ABT Selective Excitation of Quasi-S0 and Quasi-SH0 Modes in Composites 4.2 Eddy Current Detection of Composite Flaws and Damage References Integration of Fatigue Estimation into Experimentable Digital Twins for Structural Applications 1 Introdution 2 Review on Experimentable Digital Twins 3 Additional Values by Integration of Fatigue Estimation into EDTs 4 Implementation of Fatigue Estimation into EDTs 4.1 Estimation of Life Fraction Costs for Missions 4.2 Mitigate Unpredicted and Undesirable Behavior 5 Conclusions References Using SHM for the Representation of Structural Components over Their Service Life Within Digital Twins 1 Introduction 2 SHM as the Linking Element Between Physical and Virtual Structures 3 Application for a Cantilever Beam Example 3.1 Modelling and Simulation 3.2 Measurement and Physical Representation 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Crack Size Estimation with an Inverse Finite Element Model 1 Introduction 2 Inverse Finite Element Method Overview 3 iFEM Extension for Crack Size Estimation 3.1 Crack Size Estimation Routine 3.2 Crack’s Strain Field Pre-extrapolation 4 Case Study 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusions References Shape Sensing of Stiffened Plates Using Inverse FEM Aided by Virtual Strain Measurements 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 Inverse Finite Element Method 2.2 Modal Expansion 2.3 Smoothing Element Analysis 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Setup 3.2 Virtual Sensing 3.3 iFEM Analysis 4 Conclusions References Concrete Bridges Continuous SHM Using MEMS Sensors: Anomaly Detection for Preventive Maintenance 1 Introduction 2 Case Study: Structural and SHM System Details 2.1 Structure Description 2.2 Structure SHM System Description 3 Numerical Model of the Viaduct 4 Anomaly Detection and Verification of Intervention Effectiveness 5 Multidisciplinary Approach for a Long-Term Diagnostic 5.1 Long-Term Data Analytics 5.2 Twin: Finite Element Dynamic Characterization of Structure Due to Different Temperature Conditions 6 Conclusions References Mechanics Informed Approach to Online Prognosis of Composite Airframe Element: Stiffness Monitoring with SHM Data and Data-Driven RUL Prediction 1 Introduction 2 Lamb Wave Based Stiffness Estimation as Health Indicator 3 Prognosis Using Particle Filter 4 Experimental Setup 5 Results 6 Conclusion References A Performance Metric to Evaluate Frequency-Based Damage Indicators 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Precision-Recall Curve 2.2 Noise Corrupted Data 3 Experimental Validation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Frequency Range 4.2 Noise Corrupted Data 5 Conclusion References An Influence of Temperature on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Embedded into Additive Manufactured Structure 1 Introduction 2 Samples 3 Experimental and Numerical Investigation 4 Conclusions References Model-Based Remote Health Monitoring of Ballast Conditions in Railway Crossing Panels 1 Introduction 2 Instrumented Crossing Panels and Measurement Data 3 MBS Model 4 Goodness of Fit Measure 5 Ballast Models 6 Sensitivity Analysis 7 Evaluation of Calibration Procedure 8 Conclusion References Experimental and Numerical Study of Lamb Waves Generation Efficiency by Lead Zirconate Titanate Transducers Embedded in a Composite Laminate 1 Introduction: State of the Art 2 Composite Plate Modelling with Surface/Embedded Wave Generator 2.1 Input Parameters Describing 2.2 Geometry 2.3 Boundary and Domain Conditions 2.4 Mesh 2.5 Out-of-plane Displacement Results 2.6 Mesh Optimization 3 Out-of-plane Displacement by LDV 3.1 Measurement Parameters 3.2 Scanning LDV Results 4 Conclusion and Perspectives References A Contactless Approach to Monitor Rail Vibrations 1 Introduction 2 Image Processing 2.1 Phase-Based Displacement Extraction 2.2 Phase-Based Motion Magnification 3 Finite Element Model of the Rail 4 Experimental Setup and Results 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 Experimental Results (Acceleration Data) 4.3 Experimental Results (Video Data) 5 Conclusion References Hierarchical Model Verification and Validation for Structural Health Monitoring Using Dynamic Substructuring 1 Introduction 2 Structural Health Monitoring: An Overview 3 Dynamic Substructuring: Theory and Background 4 Case Study: Assembly of a Plate by Dynamic Substructuring 5 Conclusions References Comparison Between Model Prediction and Measured Response of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Tested to Failure 1 Introduction 2 Alveo Vecchio Viaduct and Load Test Protocol 3 Prediction Models 4 Monitoring System 5 Load Test and Results 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions References Design Criteria for Structural Health Monitoring Systems. Application to the Construction of Arches Using the Cantilevered Cable-Stayed Technique. Tajo Bridge Experience 1 Introduction 2 Design Criteria for Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) 2.1 Application to the Tajo Bridge Construction Project 3 Structural Monitoring During the Construction Process of the Tajo Bridge 3.1 Monitoring of the Stress Experienced by the Suspension and Restraint Stays 4 Conclusions References A Self-supervised Classification Algorithm for Sensor Fault Identification for Robust Structural Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Detection and Isolation of a Faulty Sensor in Health Monitoring Devices 2.1 Review of Labels Extraction and Failure Report Clusters Identification 2.2 Learning Discriminative Features from Failure Investigations 2.3 Classification Algorithms 3 Case Study: Low-Cost Wearable Device 4 Conclusions References The Application of the SVD-FDD Hybrid Method to Bridge Mode Shape Estimation 1 Introduction 2 Operational Mode Analyses 2.1 The SVD Method 2.2 The FDD Method 3 Numerical Simulation 3.1 Numerical Simulation Model 3.2 Simulated Responses of the Vehicle and Bridge 3.3 Result and Discussion 4 Field Experiment 4.1 Specifications of Field Experiment 4.2 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Impact Damage Identification on Composite Structures 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Set-Up 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions and Future Outlook References Composite and Monolithic DFOS Sensors for Load Tests and Long-Term Structural Monitoring of Road Infrastructure 1 Introduction 1.1 Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) 1.2 Measuring Fibres and Layered Cables 2 Composite and Monolithic DFOS Sensors 2.1 Design and Theoretical Background 2.2 Not Only Strains (and Temperatures) but also Displacements 2.3 Installation 2.4 Laboratory Verification 3 Road Embankments – Case Studies 3.1 Strains - Embankment Reinforced with Composite Rebars 3.2 Displacements - Embankment Above Concrete Columns 3.3 Temperatures – The Highest Road Embankments in Poland 4 Road Layers – Case Studies 4.1 Foam-Concrete Substructure Layer 4.2 Static and Dynamic Tests of Asphalt Layers 4.3 Concrete Highway 5 Summary References Acoustic Emission for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Investigation of Crack Formation During Long-Term Acoustic Emission Measurements on a Reinforced Concrete Railroad Switch Sleeper in the Context of Structural Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Testing Procedure 2.1 Experimental Setup for AE Measurement 2.2 Experimental Procedure 2.3 Method of AE Monitoring 3 Results 3.1 Results of Transmission Measurements 3.2 Results of Source Location 4 Conclusions References Acoustic Emission-Based Detection in Restricted-Access Areas Using Multiple PZT Disc Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Thin PZT Sensors 2.1 Theoretical Background 2.2 Criteria for Sensor Selection 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 Selected Sensors for Measurements 3.2 Measurement Set-Up 4 Results and Discussion 5 Proposed Technology Using Multiple Thin PZT Sensors 6 Conclusions References Entropy-Based Technique for Denoising of Acoustic Emission Signals 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Theoretical Background 2.1 Information Entropy Theory 2.2 Entropy Based Denoising Algorithm Formulation 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Piezoelectric MEMS Acoustic Sensor Array for Wideband Acoustic Emission Sensing 1 Introduction 2 The First-Generation Piezoelectric MEMS AE Sensors 3 The Second-Generation Piezoelectric MEMS AE Sensors 4 Fabrication Process 5 Conclusions References An Improved Shear-Horizontal Wave AE Sensor and an Explanation of SH Wave Mechanics 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Considerations 3 The Acoustic Emission (AE) Radiation Field Challenge 4 The Omni-Directional Shear Horizontal Wave Sensor 4.1 Sensor Testing and Verification 5 Sensor Testing and Verification 6 Concluding Remarks References Vehicle-Based Indirect SHM for Infrastructure Damage Detection and Localization for Indirect Bridge Monitoring Exploiting Adversarial Autoencoder and Wavelet Transform 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model: Vehicle-Bridge Interaction 3 Methodology 3.1 Adversarial Autoencoder Based Damage Detection and Assessment 3.2 Wavelet Transform Based Damage Localization 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Damage Detection and Assessment 4.2 Damage Localization 5 Conclusion References Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Using Dynamic Vehicle Force 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 State-Space Equation 2.2 Regularized Least Square Minimization 2.3 Damage Detection 3 Feasibility Investigation by Simulation 3.1 Analytical Models 3.2 Damage Detection 4 Laboratory Experiment 4.1 Experiment Summary 4.2 Damage Detection from Experiment 5 Conclusions References Fundamental Study on Extracting Vibration of Pole Structure from Vehicle Footage 1 Introduction 2 Modal Parameters of a Full-Scale Steel Pole 2.1 Laboratory Experiment 2.2 Modal Parameter Identification Using Accelerometers 3 Modal Parameter Extraction Using Image Processing 3.1 Theory of Phase-Based Motion Magnification 3.2 Motion Magnification Around 1stBending Mode 3.3 Wave Pattern Extraction 4 Conclusions References The Behavior Analysis of Spatial Singular Mode Angle Due to Addition of Noise to the Data in an Actual Bridge Experiment 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Theorem 3 Experiment on Actual Bridge 3.1 The Verification of Acceleration and the Frequency 4 SSMA Calculation from Original or Smoothed Data 5 Conclusion References Effects of Operational Traffic Variability on iSHM 1 Introduction 2 Research Context 2.1 Modelling Vehicle-Bridge Interaction 2.2 Damage Detection 2.3 Optimum Traffic Conditions for Indirect SHM 3 Methodology 4 Modelling and Data Synthesis 5 Observations 5.1 Stage 1 5.2 Stage 2 6 Critique 7 Conclusions References Weld Condition Monitoring Using Expert Informed Extreme Value Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Case Study 3.1 Data Description 3.2 Application of Extreme Value Analysis 3.3 Expert Assessment 3.4 Time History Analysis 4 Conclusions References Vehicle-Based Indirect SHM of an Austrian Railway Bridge: Simulation and In-Situ Test 1 Introduction 2 Train and Bridge Model 2.1 Mechanical Models 2.2 Dynamic Calculation of Bridge and Train Vibrations 3 In-Situ Tests 3.1 Dynamic Measurements of Railway Bridge – Forced Vibration Tests 3.2 Dynamic Measurements of Moving Train 4 Conclusion References SHM of Engineering Structures Using Smart Multifunctional Materials and Systems Structural Health Monitoring of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridges Using Vibration Responses 1 Introduction 2 Vibration-Based Damage Detection Methods 2.1 Natural Frequency Changes 2.2 Mode Shape Changes 3 Bridge Description 4 Field Load Test 5 Finite Element Model 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusion References Strain Monitoring of a Structural Adhesive Bond by Embedding a Polymer Optical Fiber 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals and Principles 3 Materials, Properties and Specimen Manufacture 3.1 Polymer Optical Fiber 3.2 Adhesive 3.3 Manufacture of POF-Integrated Thick-Adherend Lap-Shear Joints 4 Experiment and Measuring Devices 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Transmission Measurements with Variation Coupling 5.2 Far-Field Measurement with Coupling at Maximum Acceptance Angle 6 Conclusion and Outlook References Electromechanical Testing of Smart Lime Mortars for Structural Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions References On the Numerical Modeling of Interlaminar Sensors in a Composite Stiffener: Optimization Under Fracture Mechanical Aspects 1 Introduction 2 Cohesive Zone Models 3 Numerical Model of the Composite Stiffener 3.1 Numerical Setup 3.2 Application of Cohesive Bonding Properties 3.3 Parameter Selection and Validation 3.4 Sensor Positions and Configurations 4 Results 4.1 Effect on Force and Cohesive Damage 4.2 Evaluation Criterion 4.3 Structural Sensor Effect 5 Conclusions References Metrological Evaluation of New Industrial SHM Systems Based on MEMS and Microcontrollers 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Set-Up Description 3 Experimental Performance Assessment of the Industrial SHM System 3.1 Modelling of Inter-sensing Nodes Time Relationships 3.2 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Monitoring Road Infrastructures with Self-sensing Asphalt Pavements 1 Introduction 2 Materials 3 Methodology 3.1 Mechanical Characterization 3.2 Electrical Properties 3.3 Piezoresistivity Assessment 4 Results 4.1 Mechanical Properties of GNP and MWCNT Asphalt Mixtures 4.2 Effect of GNP and MWCNT on the Electrical Resistivity 4.3 Piezoresistive Performance 5 Conclusions References Multifunctional Super-Fine Stainless Wires Reinforced UHPC for Smart Prefabricated Structures 1 Introduction 2 Mechanical Behaviors of SSWs Reinforced UHPC 2.1 Flexural Strength 2.2 Flexural Toughness 2.3 Dynamic Impact Toughness and Dissipation Energy 3 Electrically Conductive and Self-sensing Properties of SSWs Reinforced UHPC 3.1 Electrically Conductive Properties 3.2 Self-sensing Properties 4 Micro Structures of SSWs Reinforced UHPC 5 Conclusions References Framework for Strain Measurements at Cyclic Loaded Structures with Planar Elastoresistive Sensors Applying Electrical Impedance Tomography 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals 2.1 EIT 2.2 Montgomery Method 3 Experimental Framework 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions and Outlook References Impedancemetry for Cure Monitoring and SHM of CFRP 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Measurement Results: Cure Monitoring and Issue Detection 4 Design and Development of New Bench 5 Preliminary Experimental Results with New Bench 6 Conclusion et Perspectives References Interface Engineering of Embedded Mechanoluminescence-Perovskite Self-powered Pressure Sensor for Improved Performance 1 Introduction 2 Device Preparation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Smart Bricks for Monitoring Strain in Full-Scale Masonry Structures: Recent Advances and First Field Application 1 Introduction 2 Smart Brick 2.1 Manufacturing Process 2.2 Strain-Sensing Behavior 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Smart Bricks Calibration 3.2 Full-Scale Masonry Building Prototype 4 Conclusions References Multifunctional, Smart, Non-Newtonian Polymer Matrix with Improved Anti-impact Properties Enabling Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Laminates 1 Introduction 1.1 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) 1.2 Shear Stiffening Gel (SSG) 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Results Rheology 3.2 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Smart Fiber-Based Sensor Systems for Hydraulic Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Damage Mechanisms 3 Intelligent Structures 4 Fiber Composites: Multi-material-model 5 Sensor Materials 5.1 Carbon Fiber Based Sensors 5.2 PVDF Fiber Based Sensors 5.3 POF Based Sensors 6 Summary/Results 7 Outlook References Broadband Micro-gyroscope Signal Amplification for Enhanced Measurement Sensitivity 1 Introduction 2 Nonlinear Modeling of the Micro-ring Gyroscope 3 The Linearized Equations of Motion 4 Results 5 Conclusions References A Sensitivity Study of Different Actuators for the Electromechanical Impedance Method in 3D-Printed Material 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Setup 3 Signature Analysis 4 Damage Analysis 5 Conclusion References Human Performance Monitoring Integrated Vision-Body Sensing System for Tracking People in Intelligent Environments 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Object Detection 2.2 Object Mapping 2.3 Object Tracking 2.4 Real-Time Framework 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results 4.1 Object Detection 4.2 Object Mapping 5 Discussion References Wearable Sensor Platform to Monitor Physical Exertion Using Graphene Motion Tape 1 Introduction 2 Hardware 3 Methodology 3.1 Theory 3.2 Dataset 3.3 Models 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Reconstruction Quality 4.2 Paradigm Comparison 5 Conclusions References Stranger Detection and Occupant Identification Using Structural Vibrations 1 Introduction 2 Structural Vibration-Based Stranger Detection and Occupant Identification 2.1 Sensing, Footstep Detection, and Feature Extraction 2.2 Modeling Footstep-Induced Vibrations Using Infinite Gaussian Mixtures 2.3 Stranger Detection and Occupant Identification by Posterior Estimation 3 Evaluation with Walking Experiment 4 Conclusion and Future