European Union Law and Defence Integration European Union Law and Defence Integration

This monograph examines the legal dimension of European defence integration from the Second World War to the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. It covers the evolution of European defence and security law in its legal,historical, and political context. The notion of defence law describes the entire field of rules created to regulate the defence of a nation or alliance. The analysis leads from the earliest mutual defence treaties to the failure of the European Defence Community and the eventual separation of defence from the mainstream of European integration in the 1950s, further to the re-vitalisation of a European security policy in the Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Nice. In the context of this evolutionary process, the book examines the function of Community Law as an instrument of European defence integration. Community law affects the economic and social aspects of the defence within the limits of the security exemptions of the EC Treaty. It has an impact on the composition of the armed forces, the procurement of armaments, or the regulation of the defence industries. The book concludes with an analysis of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the Constitutional Treaty agreed by the European Council in 2004. The discussion shows that European defence integration is characterised by fragmentation in an area where coherence is particularly important. First, defence and security are addressed in several organisations: the EU, the Western European Union, NATO, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Organisation for Joint Armaments Cooperation. Second, defence and security are addressed in both the supranational Community Pillar and the intergovernmental Second Pillar of the Treaty on European Union. The new Constitutional Treaty aims to overcome the three-Pillar structure of the Union. Nevertheless, it leaves the intergovernmental character of the security and defence policy intact and introduces flexible frameworks for its mutual defence, crisis management, and armaments components. However, the Union needs a coherent defence policy to ensure her security and to speak with one voice on the international scene. Half Title Page......Page 1 Half Title verso......Page 2 Title Page......Page 3 Title verso......Page 4 Preface......Page 7 Acknowledgements......Page 9 Outline Table of Contents......Page 11 Table of Contents......Page 13 Table of Cases......Page 21 Table of Legislation......Page 31 Abbreviations......Page 55 Introduction......Page 57 Part 1: The Evolution of European Defence Integration......Page 63 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 65 2. FROM WORLD WAR TO EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: THE 1940S......Page 66 3. THE GENESIS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY FOR COAL AND STEEL 1950–1953......Page 75 4. THE FAILURE OF THE EUROPEAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY TREATY 1950–1954......Page 78 5. DEFENCE DEVELOPING SEPARATELY FROM THE MAINSTREAM OFEUROPEAN INTEGRATION......Page 100 6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 105 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 107 2. THE EMERGING EUROPEAN POLITICAL CO-OPERATION......Page 108 3. THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY OF THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION......Page 113 4. THE RECORD OF THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY UNDER THE TREATIES OF MAASTRICHT AND AMSTERDAM......Page 146 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 147 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 148 2. TOWARDS A EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY......Page 149 3. THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY UNDER THE TREATY OF NICE......Page 156 4. TOWARDS THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY......Page 174 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 176 Part 2: Community Law as an Instrument of European Defence Integration......Page 177 4. A Fine Balance: Free Movement and Public Security in the EC Treaty......Page 179 2. THE LIMITED SCOPE OF THE SECURITY EXCLUSIONS IN THE EC TREATY......Page 181 3. PUBLIC SECURITY EXEMPTIONS......Page 183 4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 195 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 197 2. THE ARMAMENTS EXEMPTION OF ARTICLE 296 (1) (B) EC......Page 198 3. THE SECRECY EXEMPTION OF ARTICLE 296 (1) (A) EC......Page 219 4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 222 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 223 2. THE POSITION OF ARTICLE 297 EC IN THE TREATY......Page 225 3. ARTICLE 297 EC IN THE CASE LAW OF THE COURT......Page 230 4. ARTICLE 297 EC AND THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY......Page 245 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 250 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 252 2. EC PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REGULATION......Page 254 3. HARD DEFENCE MATERIAL EXCLUSIONS......Page 259 4. SECRECY AND SECURITY EXCLUSIONS......Page 269 5. EXCLUSIONS IN THE TREATY AND IN THE DIRECTIVES......Page 277 6. CONTRACTS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN THE FIELD OF DEFENCE......Page 278 7. OTHER EXCLUSIONS......Page 282 8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 283 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 285 2. COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC......Page 287 3. MERGER CONTROL......Page 291 4. STATE AIDS......Page 304 5. TRADE IN ARMAMENTS......Page 308 6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 316 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 318 2. SEX EQUALITY IN COMMUNITY LAW......Page 320 3. THE STORY OF SEX EQUALITY IN THE ARMED FORCES......Page 322 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 345 Part 3: European Defence Integration Under the Constitutional Treaty......Page 347 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 349 2. TOWARDS THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 2000–2004......Page 350 3. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY......Page 352 4. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY......Page 357 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 359 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 361 3. THE DEFENCE ACQUIS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY......Page 393 4. LINKS WITH RELATED INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANISATIONS......Page 403 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 409 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 410 2. THE MORE INTERGOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS......Page 411 3. THE SUPRANATIONAL INSTITUTIONS......Page 436 4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 448 Conclusions......Page 451 Bibliography......Page 457 Index......Page 470 This monograph examines the legal dimension of European defence integration from the Second World War to the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. It covers the evolution of European defence and security law in its legal, historical, and political context. The notion of defence law describes the entire field of rules created to regulate the defence of a nation or alliance. The analysis leads from the earliest mutual defence treaties to the failure of the European Defence Community and the eventual separation of defence from the mainstream of European integration in the 1950s, further to the re-vitalisation of a European security policy in the Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Nice. In the context of this evolutionary process, the book examines the function of Community Law as an instrument of European defence integration. Community law affects the economic and social aspects of the defence within the limits of the security exemptions of the EC Treaty. It has an impact on the composition of the armed forces, the procurement of armaments, or the regulation of the defence industries. The book concludes with an analysis of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the Constitutional Treaty agreed by the European Council in 2004. The discussion shows that European defence integration is characterised by fragmentation in an area where coherence is particularly important. First, defence and security are addressed in several organisations: the EU, the Western European Union, NATO, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Organisation for Joint Armaments Cooperation. Second, defence and security are addressed in both the supranational Community Pillar and the intergovernmental Second Pillar of the Treaty on European Union. The new Constitutional Treaty aims to overcome the three-Pillar structure of the Union. Nevertheless, it leaves the intergovernmental character of the security and defence policy intact and introduces flexible frameworks for its mutual defence, crisis management, and armaments components. However, the Union needs a coherent defence policy to ensure her security and to speak with one voice on the international scene. This New Work Examines The Legal Dimension Of European Defence Integration From 1945 Onwards, Revealing The Evolution Of 'european Defence And Security Law' In Its Legal, Historical, And Political Context. The Notion Of 'defence Law' Describes The Entire Field Of Rules Created To Regulate The Defence Of A Nation Or Alliance. Commencing With The Earliest Mutual Defence Treaties And The Failure Of The European Defence Community, The Book Examines The Disappearance Of Defence And Security From The Mainstream Of European Integration In The 1950s And Its Revitalisation In The Treaties Of Maastrich, Amsterdam And Nice. In The Context Of This Evolutionary Process, The Book Examines The Function Of Community Law And Its Impact On The Composition Of The Armed Forces, The Procurement Of Armaments, And The Regulation Of The Defence Industries.--jacket. Martin Trybus. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [401]-413) And Index. This book covers the historical evolution of defence law and places European defence and security law in its legal, historical and political context