European Revolutions and the Ottoman Balkans: Nationalism, Violence and Empire in the Long Nineteenth-Century (The Ottoman Empire and the World)

The emergence of the Balkan national states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has long been viewed through an Orientalist lens, and their birth and evolution traditionally seen by scholars as the effect of the Ottoman Empire's decline. As a result, the role played by the great European revolutions, wars and intellectual developments is often neglected. Rejecting these traditional Orientalist narratives, this work examines Balkan nationalist movements within their broader European historical contexts. Drawing on a range of unused archival research and ranging from the Napoleonic era to the Bolshevik Revolution, contributors variously consider the complex roles played by Europe's internal geo-political ruptures in forming the Balkan states, and demonstrate how the Balkan intelligentsia drew inspiration from, and interacted with, contemporary European thought. Shedding light onto the strong intellectual, political and military interconnections between the regions, this is essential reading for all those studying Balkan and European history, as well as anyone interested in the question of national identity. Published in Association with the British Institute at Ankara 1 War and Revolution: A Balkan Perspective – An Introduction 2 The War as Revolution 2 The Revolution as War 3 The Revolution as Civil War 4 The Revolution as Imperial Nationalism 7 Notes 15 Bibliography 18 2 Emulating Petrine Russia: Thick Mechanicism and the Foundations of Government in Istanbul after the Rebellion of 17301 21 Limits of Competitive Emulation 22 The Rebellion of 1730 24 The New Order in 1732 25 Mechanical Arts and the Russian Precedent 26 Notes 30 Bibliography 34 3 New Horizons of Political Possibility: Greek1 Political Imagination after the Russo-Ottoman War of 1768–1774 40 Introduction 40 The Shock of 1774: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca and Greek Political Imagination 42 Iosipos Moisiodax’s ‘Liberal’35 Sensibilities 45 Dimitrios Katartzis’ Communitarianism 51 Conclusion 56 Notes 58 Bibliography 63 4 Military Reforms as a Diplomatic Bargaining Chip: French-Ottoman Relations at the End of the Eighteenth Century 69 Introduction 69 French Military Experts in the Ottoman Army: A General Overview 70 The Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim III as a Part of the International Political System 73 French Military Specialists and the Nizam-i Cedid 82 Jean-Baptiste Barthelemy Lesseps and Pierre Fergo 85 Military Experts at the End of The Eighteenth Century 86 Jacques-Balthazard le Brun 87 Conclusion 88 Abbreviations 89 Notes 89 Bibliography 94 5 Echoes of Tumultuous Wars: Prosperity and Poverty of the Balkan Entrepreneurial Strata (1800s–1880s) 98 Introduction 98 Wars and Revolutions in the pre-Tanzimat Period (1790s–1839) 99 The Kırcalı and Ayan Revolts (1797–1807) 100 The Serbian Revolts (1804–1813, 1815) 101 The Russo-Ottoman War (1806–1812) 102 The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) and the Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829) 103 The Era of Reforms: the Tanzimat (1839–1876) 104 The Crimean War (1853–1856) 105 The Tumultuous Years (1875–1878) 107 Conclusion 108 Notes 109 Bibliography 113 6 The Final Phase of the Greek Revolution: Delimitation, Determination and Demarcation of the First Greek Borders in Ottoman Sources 117 Introduction 117 Encountering the Greek Boundary Problem 118 Determining the Boundary: The Constantinople Conferences 122 Ottoman Terminology during the Negotiations 127 Demarcation of the Border 128 Th e borders of the Ottoman E 132 Notes 132 Bibliography 140 7 Petko Voivoda: A Re-evaluation of Nineteenth-Century Bulgarian Military History 146 From ‘Primitive Rebels’ to Haiduks: Theoretical Background and a Framework for Discussion 146 Haiduk Activities: An Alternative Approach 149 Notes 153 Bibliography 155 8 Uprisings, Revolutions and Wars: Visual Representations in the Bulgarian Illustrated Press at the End of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century1 157 Introduction 157 Turn of the Century 158 Balkan Wars 164 The Great War 171 Conclusion 179 Notes 182 Bibliography 188 9 Under a Gun: Eugen Kumičić on the Austria-Hungarian Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 192 Introduction 192 The Croatian Question and the Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 193 Croatians versus Serbs 194 Ante Starčević and Josip J. Strossmayer 195 Eugen Kumičić’s Under a Gun: A Personal Narrative 197 Conclusion 203 Notes 204 Bibliography 205 10 War, Intellectuals and the Balkan States: French Intellectuals’ Perception of Serbia and Serbs in the Great War 1 209 Introduction 209 French Intellectuals and the Balkans 210 Intellectual Cooperation 212 Changes to French Public Opinion Towards the Serbs from 1894 to 1913 213 Intellectuals in War: From Sympathy to Affirmation of the Serbian National Aims 214 ‘My Serbian Patriotism Follows Behind My French Patriotism’ 217 Conclusion 218 Notes 219 Bibliography 223 11 The New Ottoman Conception of War, State and Society in the Prelude to the First World War1 230 The Shift Towards Authoritarianism 231 Germany as the Ideal Social and Political Model for Renewal 233 The Shift from Universalism to National Idealism 234 Gökalp and his ‘Üç Cereyan’ (Three Currents of Thought) 236 Conceptualizing the State 237 Ottoman State as a War Machine 240 Conclusion 242 Notes 242 Bibliography 248 12 War, Revolution and Diplomacy: The October Revolution of 1917 and the Turkish Anatolian Resistance Movement, 1919–1922 255 Introduction 255 Revolutions Connected, Revolutions Affected 256 The ‘Revolutionary Tide’ Before the Anatolian Resistance Movement 257 Turkish-Russian Relations during the Anatolian Resistance Movement 258 Conclusion 265 Notes 267 Bibliography 271 Index 276 A 276 B 276 C 276 D 277 E 277 F 277 G 278 H 278 I 278 J 279 K 279 L 279 M 279 N 280 O 280 P 280 R 280 S 281 T 281 U 282 V 282 W 282 X 282 Y 282 Z 282 "The emergence of the Balkan national states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has long been viewed through an Orientalist lens, and their birth and evolution traditionally seen by scholars as the effect of the Ottoman Empire's decline. As a result, the role played by the great European revolutions, wars and intellectual developments is often neglected. Rejecting these traditional Orientalist narratives, this work examines Balkan nationalist movements within their broader European historical contexts. Drawing on a range of unused archival research and ranging from the Napoleonic era to the Bolshevik Revolution, contributors variously consider the complex roles played by Europe's internal geo-political ruptures in forming the Balkan states, and demonstrate how the Balkan intelligentsia drew inspiration from, and interacted with, contemporary European thought. Shedding light onto the strong intellectual, political and military interconnections between the regions, this is essential reading for all those studying Balkan and European history, as well as anyone interested in the question of national identity."-- Provided by publisher The emergence of the Balkan national states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has long been viewed through an Orientalist lens, and their birth and evolution traditionally seen by scholars as the effect of the Ottoman Empire's decline. As a result, the role played by the great European revolutions, wars and intellectual developments is often neglected. Rejecting these traditional Orientalist narratives, this work examines Balkan nationalist movements within their broader western European historical contexts. Drawing on a range of unused archival research and ranging from the Napoleonic era to the Bolshevik Revolution, contributors variously consider the complex roles played by Europe's internal geo-political ruptures in forming the Balkan states, and demonstrate how the Balkan intelligentsia drew inspiration from, and interacted with, contemporary European thought. Shedding light onto the strong intellectual, political and military connections between the regions, this is essential reading for all those studying Balkan and European history, as well as anyone interested in the question of national identity