European Integration and Housing Policy (Routledge Rics Issues in Real Estate and Housing)

This book presents a series of debates arising from the housing needs of different EU countries. The authors address key issues by examining in turn: \* the consequences of European integration for different housing markets \* the impact of the Maastricht Treaty and other policy documents \* the social consequences of integration including income distribution, homelessness and marginal housing estates \* current housing policy in the Nordic countries and in Eastern Europe. BOOK COVER......Page 1 HALF-TITLE......Page 2 TITLE......Page 4 COPYRIGHT......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 6 FIGURES......Page 8 TABLES......Page 9 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11 Introduction: the context of European integration......Page 13 Housing research in Europe......Page 16 Comparative housing research......Page 17 European integration and housing research......Page 19 The structure of this book......Page 22 References......Page 24 Part I MARKETS......Page 28 2 ARE HOUSING FINANCE SYSTEMS CONVERGING WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION?......Page 29 Tenure patterns......Page 30 Sources of housing finance for owner-occupation......Page 32 The legal framework for arrears and foreclosures......Page 36 Financing social housing......Page 38 Conclusions......Page 39 References......Page 40 Housing investment......Page 42 Dwellings constructed per 1,000 inhabitants......Page 43 Relationships between housing investment indicators......Page 44 Explaining differences in housing investment between countries......Page 45 Theories of housing investment......Page 47 Hypothesis for statistical testing......Page 51 Housing investment and total investment......Page 52 Housing investment and the growth of Gross Domestic Product......Page 55 Housing investment and demographic factors......Page 57 Housing investment and the size of the housing stock......Page 59 A ‘need’ model of housing investment......Page 61 A ‘need and growth’ model of housing investment......Page 63 Conclusions......Page 65 Summary of notation......Page 66 References......Page 67 A decade of boom, crisis and weak recovery......Page 69 Political change, new market boundaries and old methodologies......Page 70 Economic integration......Page 72 The rising cost of bousing......Page 73 Access......Page 74 Consequences for housing supply......Page 75 The end of the owner-occupied dream......Page 78 Owner-occupied dwellings converted to rental......Page 80 Social shyness......Page 81 Conclusion: a new focus for housing policy?......Page 83 References......Page 84 5 THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY......Page 87 Directives......Page 88 European standards......Page 90 Harmonisation of declarations of quality and product liability......Page 91 Harmonisation of tendering practices......Page 92 Barriers for competition in the building industry......Page 94 Belgium......Page 95 Germany......Page 97 Great Britain......Page 98 Conclusions......Page 100 References......Page 102 Part II POLICIES......Page 104 The economics of fiscal restraint......Page 105 Convergence......Page 108 Excessive deficits......Page 109 Multilateral surveillance......Page 110 General government gross debt......Page 111 Housing and public sector deficits......Page 114 Conclusions......Page 119 References......Page 120 The scope of European Union involvement in planning......Page 122 Emerging trends in European Union planning policy......Page 124 European Union planning initiatives and housing supply......Page 125 The single European market, housing supply and land use planning......Page 126 Convergence or harmonisation?......Page 128 Conclusions......Page 130 References......Page 131 8 THE CONTROL AND PROMOTION OF QUALITY IN NEW HOUSING DESIGN......Page 134 The international (transatlantic) ideological shift towards deregulation......Page 135 The impact of harmonisation......Page 137 The ‘new approach’ to technical standards......Page 138 Fiscal policy and the requirements of economic and monetary union......Page 140 The information approach to regulation of housing design......Page 141 Energy, natural resources and the environment......Page 143 The impact of the Independent Living Movement......Page 145 Diversity of national regulations......Page 147 Bedroom sizes......Page 148 Cultural differences......Page 149 Harmonisation of housing standards?......Page 150 Deregulation—four experiences......Page 152 Deregulation and re-regulation in Norway......Page 153 Deregulation (and potential re-regulation) of the social rented sector in England......Page 155 Deregulation in the Netherlands......Page 157 Deregulation in Sweden......Page 158 Deregulation—diversity of experiences......Page 159 Conclusions......Page 160 Notes......Page 161 References......Page 162 Part III OUTCOMES......Page 164 9 HOUSING, TENURE AND INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION......Page 165 An ideal measure: comprehensive income......Page 166 Mortgages......Page 167 ‘Before’ and, ‘After Housing Costs’ measures......Page 168 Owner-occupiers......Page 170 Tenants......Page 172 Effects of tenure patterns......Page 173 Effects of tax and subsidy systems......Page 174 Examples for France and the United Kingdom......Page 178 Distribution before adjustment......Page 179 Allowing for housing income......Page 180 Conclusions......Page 182 Notes......Page 184 References......Page 185 10 PAYING FOR OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING......Page 187 Fees at the point of purchase......Page 188 Fiscal treatment during occupancy......Page 189 Non-fiscal financial instruments......Page 190 Housing expenditure versus cost......Page 191 Expenditure......Page 192 Costs......Page 193 Calculations......Page 194 Results......Page 196 Conclusion......Page 202 Implications for European integration......Page 203 References......Page 204 Homelessness and social exclusion......Page 206 Definition and forms of homelessness in the EU......Page 207 The extent of homelessness in the EU......Page 209 Changing housing markets......Page 212 Family fragmentation and individualisation of society......Page 213 De-institutionalisation......Page 214 Family situation......Page 216 Gender......Page 217 Health......Page 218 Rights to housing in the EU......Page 219 Services for homeless people in the EU......Page 221 References......Page 222 12 MARGINAL HOUSING ESTATES IN EUROPE......Page 224 The problem of mass housing......Page 225 Landlords and management......Page 227 Polarisation and race......Page 229 International survey of mass housing estates......Page 231 Findings from twenty European estates......Page 233 Breakdown......Page 236 Government role in stabilisation......Page 238 Localisation......Page 239 Examples of change......Page 241 Patchwork model......Page 242 Social control and the friction principle......Page 244 Welfare and work......Page 245 Conclusions......Page 246 Note......Page 247 References......Page 248 Introduction: the bifurcation of housing policy1......Page 251 The convergence debate......Page 252 The collapse of housing policy......Page 257 Housing policy as welfare division......Page 259 Underlying causes......Page 260 References......Page 264 Part IV DIVERSITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 266 14 THE NORDIC COUNTRIES......Page 267 Economic and social change......Page 268 Homelessness......Page 269 Income distribution......Page 270 The future......Page 271 Housing production......Page 272 Finland......Page 273 Sweden......Page 274 Iceland......Page 275 Financial market liberalisation......Page 276 Rent deregulation......Page 277 Costs of housing subsidies......Page 279 Notes......Page 280 References......Page 281 Classifying the countries of the Central and Eastern European region......Page 283 The East European model of housing policy......Page 285 Evaluation of the political and economic situation in the East European countries......Page 287 The new tenure structure and basic quantitative/qualitative indices......Page 290 Affordability issues: ‘rent to income’ and, ‘housing cost to income’ ratios......Page 292 Changes in housing output......Page 294 The housing situation of East-Central European countries in a comparative view......Page 297 Some critical housing issues in the unified Europe......Page 300 Housing and the international and inter-regional migration of the population......Page 301 Public expenditures and housing policy......Page 302 Summary: housing aspects of the eastward extension of the EU......Page 303 East European countries: why join the EU?......Page 304 Which countries should join the EU first?......Page 305 Notes......Page 306 References......Page 307 INDEX......Page 308 1. Introduction: From Comparative Housing Research To European Housing Research / Walter Matznetter And Mark Stephens -- Pt. I. Markets. 2. Are Housing Finance Systems Converging Within The European Union? / Christine Whitehead. 3. Housing Investment In Europe: Explanations For Differences Between Countries / Michael Oxley And Jacqueline Smith. 4. Uncertainty In European Housing Markets / Michael Ball And Michael Harloe. 5. The Impact Of European Integration On The Construction Industry / Hugo Priemus -- Pt. Ii. Policies. 6. Fiscal Restraint And Housing Policies Under Economic And Monetary Union / Mark Stephens. 7. Planning, Housing And The European Union / James Barlow. Edited By Mark Kleinman, Walter Matznetter And Mark Stephens. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.